What is a fecal microbial transplant? - Kathryn M. Stephenson and David L. Suskind

353,804 views ใƒป 2023-04-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
1,700 years ago, a Chinese alchemist named Ge Hong
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ืœืคื ื™ 1700 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื›ืžื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื’
00:11
was renowned for his special soup that could cure diarrhea-stricken patients.
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ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžืจืง ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืจืคื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ.
00:17
The stew was deep yellow, and had an intense aroma.
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ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื™ื— ื—ื–ืง.
00:21
And, like many family recipes, it had a secret ingredient.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื“ื™.
00:25
But in this case, that ingredient didnโ€™t come from the kitchenโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— --
00:30
it came from the bathroom.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
00:32
It might seem unwise to consume feces,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืฆื•ืื”,
00:35
and today, there arenโ€™t many doctors who would prescribe Ge Hongโ€™s recipe.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื’.
00:39
However, exciting new research suggests that taking poop into the body
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฆื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ
00:44
in other ways might benefit our health.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:48
One such treatment is fecal microbial transplantation,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื•ืืชื™ื™ื,
00:52
and the secret to how it works lives in your gut.
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื.
00:57
Trillions and trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื”
01:02
consider your bowels their home.
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ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืชื.
01:04
Collectively, these microbes make up whatโ€™s known as your gut microbiome,
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื,
01:09
and each of these organisms possesses dynamic, specialized abilities
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
01:14
that seem to be essential for human life.
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:17
They break down our food, make vitamins,
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ื”ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื,
01:20
train our immune system and circadian rhythm,
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ืžืืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจืงื“ื™,
01:23
and even protect us from infections.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
01:26
In return, they receive a nice warm place to live,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
01:31
complete with an all-you-can-eat buffet.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ื ื•ืŸ ืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš.
01:34
Some research suggests our microbiomes might start forming in the womb,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื—ื,
01:39
but if not, they certainly get started when we're born.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื, ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื.
01:43
During a vaginal birth, infants take in some of their motherโ€™s fecal matter
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™ืช, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆื•ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื
01:47
and microbe-filled fluids.
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ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:49
From then on, our microbiomes are constantly diversifying
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ืžืื–, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื’ื•ื•ืŸ
01:53
with exposure to various foods and environments.
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ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:56
This is essential for maintaining gut health.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื.
02:00
If poor nutrition, chronic disease or antibiotics disturb this delicate balance,
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ืื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:05
the body can become vulnerable to problems
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
02:08
like bacteria and fungal overgrowth or infectious diarrhea.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืง.
02:13
But infusing a new batch of microorganisms into the intestine
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืžืขื™ื™ื
02:17
seems to help reset the gut microbiomeโ€”
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืชื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื --
02:20
this is where fecal microbial transplants come into play.
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ืคื” ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื•ืืชื™ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:25
This line of treatment is still very new,
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:27
and there are tons of unanswered questions about how it works.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:31
So currently, the US Food and Drug Administration only allows doctors
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ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื
02:35
to use fecal transplants experimentally
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืฆื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™
02:38
for battling one of the toughest gut infectionsโ€”
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ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
02:41
antibiotic-resistant Clostridiodes difficile.
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ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื“ ื“ืคื™ืฆื™ืœ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:45
This infectious bacterium forms spores in the colon that are immune to antibiotics
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ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
02:51
and very difficult to destroy.
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ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื”.
02:53
Patients dealing with this infection can experience months of intermittent fevers
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืš
02:58
alongside bouts of abdominal cramping and extreme diarrhea
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
03:02
despite antibiotic treatment.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.
03:04
So when symptoms get this bad, itโ€™s time for a fecal microbial transplant.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ืืชื™.
03:10
To start the process,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
03:11
a gastroenterologist first retrieves some feces,
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ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืื ื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆื•ืื”,
03:15
typically from a stool bank.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื ืง ืฆื•ืื”.
03:17
These frozen samples are particularly impressive number twosโ€”
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 2 ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช --
03:21
the selected donors go through a strict process
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ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืคื“ื ื™
03:24
to ensure their samples are infection-free.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
03:27
In fact, these protective protocols are so stringent,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื,
03:31
one prominent stool bankโ€™s acceptance rate is less than 3%.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ืฆื•ืื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 3%.
03:35
Next, the gastroenterologist gets that sample inside the patient via a pill,
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ืื–, ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืื ื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื’ืœื•ืœื”,
03:41
or, more commonly, a tube into the stomach or colon.
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ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
03:45
Finally, the transplanted microbes migrate through the tract
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื
03:49
until they find the colon,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
03:51
where they quickly multiply and displace the infectious invader.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืง.
03:55
This process is so effective that it cures over 80% of patients
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืคื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 80% ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
04:01
in just one treatment.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:03
Because each stool sample is unique,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ืฆื•ืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
04:05
the FDA still classifies fecal transplants as an experimental treatment
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ื” FDA ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืœื’ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืื” ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™
04:10
rather than a formal medication.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
04:12
But promising research in rodents suggests new ways
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:16
we might use fecal bacteriotherapy in the future.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื• ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฆื•ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
04:19
For example, fecal transplants from non-diabetic mice
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื
04:24
improved insulin resistance in mice with type 2 diabetes.
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ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืกื•ื’ 2.
04:28
Similarly, some studies have shown mice exhibiting anxiety and depression
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
04:34
become calmer after transplants from their less anxious peers.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
04:38
Scientists studying humans have even started finding
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
04:41
different microbial patterns
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:43
associated with various intestinal, autoimmune, oncologic,
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:47
and even psychiatric disorders.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:49
So, it seems entirely possible that altering a patientโ€™s microbiome
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ืื–, ื ืจืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”
04:54
could allow for multiple new modes of treatment.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
04:58
We still have a lot to learn about what makes the โ€œbestโ€ gut microbiome,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:03
or the most beneficial fecal transplants.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
05:06
But for now, at least we can say that our feces have a bright future.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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