A curable condition that causes blindness - Andrew Bastawrous

198,109 views ใƒป 2015-09-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
An estimated 20 million cases of blindness worldwide are caused by cataracts,
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉ 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืจืงื˜,
00:12
a curable condition affecting the lens that focuses images onto the eye's retina.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืžืžืงื“ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
00:19
A cataract occurs when proteins in the lens lose their normal arrangement,
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ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืฉื” ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:23
clumping together in a way that causes discoloration or clouding,
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ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืื• ืขื ื ื•ืช,
00:27
and eventually blocks most vision.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื”.
00:30
Cataracts can be caused by eye injury,
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ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืจื ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ,
00:32
certain medications,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
00:34
ultraviolet radiation,
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”,
00:35
diabetes,
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ืกื•ื›ืจืช,
00:36
smoking,
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ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
00:38
or some genetic disorders.
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:40
But the most common cause is aging.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
00:42
In the United States, more than 50% of people over the age of 80 develop them.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 80 ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:47
Cataracts were treated over 2,500 years ago in India,
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ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2500 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:52
though similar procedures may have existed even earlier
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
00:55
in Ancient Egypt and Babylon.
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ.
00:58
The most common procedure, called couching,
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ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืงื™ืจื”,
01:00
involved pressing a sharp instrument into the eye
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ
01:03
to loosen and push the clouded lens out of the way.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืขื›ื•ืจื” ืžืœื”ืคืจื™ืข.
01:08
Although this could increase the amount of light entering the eye,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขื™ืŸ,
01:11
the lack of a lens would leave the patient's vision out of focus.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื“ืฉื” ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช.
01:15
Despite its low success rate, and high risk of infection or injury,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืžื•ืš, ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ืคืฆื™ืขื”,
01:19
couching is still performed in some parts of the world.
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ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:23
Later procedures would also focus on removing the cloudy lens,
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชืžืงื“ื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืขื›ื•ืจื”,
01:27
for example, by making an opening in the cornea to pull out the lens
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื”
01:32
along with the membrane capsule surrounding it.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื”.
01:35
While the invention of eyeglasses allowed for some restoration of focus,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก,
01:39
they had to be extremely thick to help.
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
01:42
Furthermore, such techniques still caused complications,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื,
01:46
like damaging the retina,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืง ืœืจืฉืชื™ืช,
01:47
or leaving the eye with uncomfortable stitches.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืชืคืจื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื—ื™ื.
01:51
But in the 20th century, something unexpected happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืงืจื”.
01:54
Eye surgeon Sir Harold Ridley was treating World War II casualties
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ืžื ืชื— ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืจื™ื“ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ื”
01:59
when he noticed that acrylic plastic from a shattered aircraft cockpit
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืืงืจื™ืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘
02:03
had become lodged in a pilot's eyes without triggering an adverse reaction.
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ื ืชืงืข ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื–ื™ืงื”.
02:09
This led him to propose surgically implanting artificial lenses into the eye
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ
02:15
to replace cataracts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืงื˜ืจืงื˜.
02:17
And despite initial resistance,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
02:19
the method became standard practice by the 1980s.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื.
02:22
Since Ridley's discovery,
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ืžืื– ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื“ืœื™,
02:24
the intraocular lens has undergone several improvements.
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ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
02:28
Modern lenses can fit into the membrane capsule
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืงืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”
02:32
that the cataract is extracted from,
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ืฉื”ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื”,
02:34
leaving more of the eye's natural anatomy intact.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”.
02:37
And the ability to fine-tune the lens curvature
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”.
02:40
allows the surgery to restore a patient's normal vision
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
02:43
without the need for glasses.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื.
02:46
Of course, surgical techniques have also progressed.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ.
02:49
Microscopic procedures use small instruments or lasers
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
02:53
to make precise incisions of one or two millimeters in the cornea,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื ื™ืช,
02:58
while an ultrasound probe breaks up and removes the cataracted lens
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืžืคืจืง ื•ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืงื˜ืจืงื˜
03:03
with minimal trauma to the eye.
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ืขื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
03:05
Low-tech versions of this operation have made the surgery quick and inexpensive,
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ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืœื•ืื• ื˜ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื–ื•ืœ,
03:10
helping it spread across the developing world.
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ื•ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
03:13
Places like Aravind Eye Hospital in India
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
03:16
have pioneered high-volume, low-cost cataract surgery
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš
03:20
for as little as six dollars.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:23
Why then, with all these advances,
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ืื– ืœืžื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:25
are there still so many blind people in the world?
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
03:29
The main issue is access to health care,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
03:31
with poor infrastructure and a shortage of doctors
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ืขื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืคืื™ื
03:34
being a major barrier in many regions.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
03:37
But this is not the only problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
03:39
In many rural areas with poor education,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ืจื•ืข,
03:42
blindness is often accepted as an inevitable part of aging,
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
03:46
for which someone might not think to seek treatment.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
03:49
This is why information is crucial.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
03:52
Increased community awareness programs and the spread of mobile phones
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
03:56
mean that many of those
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื”
03:58
who might have remained blind for the rest of their lives due to cataracts
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืจืงื˜
04:01
are now reachable.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
04:03
And for them, a brighter future is in sight.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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