A curable condition that causes blindness - Andrew Bastawrous

198,383 views

2015-09-28 ใƒป TED-Ed


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A curable condition that causes blindness - Andrew Bastawrous

198,383 views ใƒป 2015-09-28

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sanghyun Hahn ๊ฒ€ํ† : Joowon Lee
00:06
An estimated 20 million cases of blindness worldwide are caused by cataracts,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 2์ฒœ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋ช…์€ ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ
00:12
a curable condition affecting the lens that focuses images onto the eye's retina.
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๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
A cataract occurs when proteins in the lens lose their normal arrangement,
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๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:23
clumping together in a way that causes discoloration or clouding,
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ‰์ณ์ ธ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ํ๋ฆฟํ•จ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
00:27
and eventually blocks most vision.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์‹œ์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Cataracts can be caused by eye injury,
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๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์€ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด๋‚˜
00:32
certain medications,
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ํŠน์ • ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค
00:34
ultraviolet radiation,
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์ž์™ธ์„ 
00:35
diabetes,
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๋‹น๋‡จ
00:36
smoking,
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ํก์—ฐ
00:38
or some genetic disorders.
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๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
But the most common cause is aging.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ ๋…ธํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
In the United States, more than 50% of people over the age of 80 develop them.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 80์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ 50% ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Cataracts were treated over 2,500 years ago in India,
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๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์€ ์•ฝ 2500๋…„ ์ „์— ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
though similar procedures may have existed even earlier
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ด ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:55
in Ancient Egypt and Babylon.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
The most common procedure, called couching,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ์ „์ด๋Š”
01:00
involved pressing a sharp instrument into the eye
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๋ˆˆ์„ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ
01:03
to loosen and push the clouded lens out of the way.
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ํ๋ ค์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
Although this could increase the amount of light entering the eye,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆœ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:11
the lack of a lens would leave the patient's vision out of focus.
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์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Despite its low success rate, and high risk of infection or injury,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ , ์ „์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:19
couching is still performed in some parts of the world.
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์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ์ „์ด๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
Later procedures would also focus on removing the cloudy lens,
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์ดํ›„ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:27
for example, by making an opening in the cornea to pull out the lens
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
01:32
along with the membrane capsule surrounding it.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ง‰ ์บก์Š๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
While the invention of eyeglasses allowed for some restoration of focus,
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์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์ดˆ์ ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:39
they had to be extremely thick to help.
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ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
Furthermore, such techniques still caused complications,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์—” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:46
like damaging the retina,
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๋ง๋ง‰์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:47
or leaving the eye with uncomfortable stitches.
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๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ž๊ตญ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋‚จ๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
But in the 20th century, something unexpected happened.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Eye surgeon Sir Harold Ridley was treating World War II casualties
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๊ตฐ ์•ˆ๊ฒ€์˜์˜€๋˜ ํ•ด๋Ÿด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ƒ์ด 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ค‘
01:59
when he noticed that acrylic plastic from a shattered aircraft cockpit
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ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ •์‹ค์˜ ์•„ํฌ๋ฆด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด
02:03
had become lodged in a pilot's eyes without triggering an adverse reaction.
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์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
This led him to propose surgically implanting artificial lenses into the eye
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์ด ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:15
to replace cataracts.
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๋ˆˆ์— ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
And despite initial resistance,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:19
the method became standard practice by the 1980s.
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1980๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Since Ridley's discovery,
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๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ดํ›„
02:24
the intraocular lens has undergone several improvements.
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์•ˆ๋‚ด ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Modern lenses can fit into the membrane capsule
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์ด ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜๋Š”
02:32
that the cataract is extracted from,
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๋ง‰ ์บก์Š์— ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š”๋ฐ
02:34
leaving more of the eye's natural anatomy intact.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
And the ability to fine-tune the lens curvature
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ตด๊ณก ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š”
02:40
allows the surgery to restore a patient's normal vision
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋„์›€์—†์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ
02:43
without the need for glasses.
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ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Of course, surgical techniques have also progressed.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ• ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Microscopic procedures use small instruments or lasers
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์€ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
02:53
to make precise incisions of one or two millimeters in the cornea,
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๊ฐ๋ง‰์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 1, 2 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
while an ultrasound probe breaks up and removes the cataracted lens
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดด, ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:03
with minimal trauma to the eye.
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๋ˆˆ์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์™ธ์ƒ๋งŒ ์ž…ํžˆ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
03:05
Low-tech versions of this operation have made the surgery quick and inexpensive,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:10
helping it spread across the developing world.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ๋งŽ์ด ํผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Places like Aravind Eye Hospital in India
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์ธ๋„์˜ ์•„๋ผ๋นˆ๋“œ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:16
have pioneered high-volume, low-cost cataract surgery
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๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:20
for as little as six dollars.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 6๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Why then, with all these advances,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:25
are there still so many blind people in the world?
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค๋ช…์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:29
The main issue is access to health care,
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์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฐ
03:31
with poor infrastructure and a shortage of doctors
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๋ถ€์‹คํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด
03:34
being a major barrier in many regions.
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๋ฏพ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
But this is not the only problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
In many rural areas with poor education,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋นˆ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:42
blindness is often accepted as an inevitable part of aging,
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์‹ค๋ช…์€ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ 
03:46
for which someone might not think to seek treatment.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
This is why information is crucial.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Increased community awareness programs and the spread of mobile phones
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๋†’์•„์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธ์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€
03:56
mean that many of those
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:58
who might have remained blind for the rest of their lives due to cataracts
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์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ์‹ค๋ช…์ธ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ
04:01
are now reachable.
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And for them, a brighter future is in sight.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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