The microbial jungles all over the place (and you) - Scott Chimileski and Roberto Kolter

373,330 views

2016-05-17 ใƒป TED-Ed


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The microbial jungles all over the place (and you) - Scott Chimileski and Roberto Kolter

373,330 views ใƒป 2016-05-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:06
As we walk through our daily environments,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
00:09
we're surrounded by exotic creatures
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื
00:11
that are too small to see with the naked eye.
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ืฉืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
00:14
We usually imagine these microscopic organisms, or microbes,
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ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืดื› ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:18
as asocial cells that float around by themselves.
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ื›ืชืื™ื ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื.
00:22
But in reality, microbes gather by the millions
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื
00:25
to form vast communities known as biofilms.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื.
00:30
Natural biofilms are like miniature jungles
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ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
00:33
filled with many kinds of microbes from across the web of life.
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ืฉืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:37
Bacteria and archaea mingle with other microbes
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:40
like algae, fungi, and protozoa,
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ื›ืžื• ืืฆื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื–ื•ืื•ืช,
00:43
forming dense, organized structures that grow on almost any surface.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—.
00:48
When you pad across a river bottom,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื ื”ืจ,
00:50
touch the rind of an aged cheese,
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ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช,
00:52
tend your garden soil,
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ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžืช ื’ื™ื ืชื›ื,
00:54
or brush your teeth,
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ืื• ืžืฆื—ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื,
00:56
you're coming into contact with these invisible ecosystems.
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ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:00
To see how biofilms come about,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
01:03
let's watch one as it develops on a submerged river rock.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
01:07
This type of biofilm might begin with a few bacteria
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
01:10
swimming through their liquid environment.
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ื”ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.
01:13
The cells use rotating flagella to propel towards the surface of the rock,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืขืฆืžื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœืข,
01:18
which they attach to with the help of sticky appendages.
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ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช.
01:22
Then, they start producing an extracellular matrix
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™ืช
01:25
that holds them together as they divide and reproduce.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
01:29
Before long, microcolonies arise,
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
01:32
clusters of cells sheathed in this slimy, glue-like material.
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ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’'ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:36
Microcolonies grow to become towers,
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื“ืœื™ื,
01:40
while water channels flow around them,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ืจืžื™ ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
01:42
functioning like a basic circulatory system.
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ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:45
But why do microbes build such complex communities
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:49
when they could live alone?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื?
01:51
For one thing, microbes living in a biofilm
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช , ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื
01:53
are rooted in a relatively stable microenvironment
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ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
01:57
where they may have access to a nutrient source.
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ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
01:59
There's also safety in numbers.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:02
Out in the deep, dark wilderness of the microbial world,
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ื‘ืฉืžืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™,
02:05
isolated microbes face serious risks.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:08
Predators want to eat them,
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื,
02:10
immune systems seek to destroy them,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื,
02:12
and there are physical dangers, too,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื,
02:14
like running out of water and drying up.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:17
However, in a biofilm, the extracellular matrix
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื, ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™ืช
02:20
shields microbes from external threats.
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ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:23
Biofilms also enable interactions between individual cells.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
02:27
When microbes are packed against each other in close proximity,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
02:31
they can communicate,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
02:32
exchange genetic information,
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™,
02:34
and engage in cooperative and competitive social behaviors.
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ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:38
Take the soil in your garden,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืชื›ื,
02:40
home to thousands of bacterial species.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:43
As one species colonizes a plant root,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—,
02:45
its individual cells might differentiate into various subpopulations,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืชืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช,
02:50
each carrying out a specific task.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:53
Matrix producers pump out the extracellular goo,
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง,
02:57
swimmers assemble flagella and are free to move about or migrate,
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ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืื• ืœื ื“ื•ื“,
03:02
and spore-formers produce dormant, tough endospores
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื
03:06
that survive starvation,
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ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืจืขื‘,
03:08
temperature extremes,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:09
and harmful radiation.
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ื•ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื–ื™ืงื”.
03:12
This phenomenon is called division of labor.
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:14
Ultimately, it gives rise to a sophisticated system of cooperation
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
03:19
that's somewhat like a multicellular organism in itself.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืชืื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:23
But because biofilms often contain many different microbes
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:28
that aren't closely related to each other,
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
03:30
interactions can also be competitive.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
03:33
Bacteria launch vicious attacks on their competitors
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:36
by secreting chemicals into the environment,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:39
or by deploying molecular spears to inject nearby cells with toxins
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืจืงืช ืจืขืœื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื
03:45
that literally blow them up.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:47
In the end, competition is all about resources.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
03:51
If one species eliminates another,
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ืื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ,
03:53
it keeps more space and food for itself.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:57
Although this dramatic life cycle occurs beyond the limits of our vision,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื ืกืชืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
04:00
microbial communities provide humans and other species with tangible,
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:05
and sometimes even delicious, benefits.
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ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
04:08
Microbes make up a major fraction of the biomass on Earth
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:12
and play a critical role within the global ecosystem
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
04:15
that supports all larger organisms,
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
04:18
including us.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
04:19
They produce much of the oxygen we breath,
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
04:22
and are recruited to clean up environmental pollution, like oil spills,
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜,
04:26
or to treat our waste water.
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ืื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:28
Not to mention, biofilms are normal and flavor enhancing parts
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ื•ื’ื ืœื‘ืœ ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—
04:32
of many of the foods we enjoy,
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ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื,
04:34
including cheese,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”,
04:36
salami,
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ืกืœืืžื™,
04:37
and kombucha.
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ื•ืงื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆ'ื”.
04:39
So the next time you brush your teeth,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฆื—ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:41
bite into that cheese rind,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืก ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”,
04:42
sift through garden soil,
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ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืื“ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื”,
04:44
or skip a river stone,
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ืื• ืคื•ืกื—ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ืจ,
04:46
look as close as you can.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
04:48
Imagine the microbial jungles all around you
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื
04:51
waiting to be discovered and explored.
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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