Cell membranes are way more complicated than you think - Nazzy Pakpour

927,949 views ใƒป 2017-08-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Cell membranes are structures of contradictions.
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื.
00:11
These oily films are hundreds of times thinner than a strand of spider silk,
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ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื“ืงื•ืช ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
00:16
yet strong enough to protect the delicate contents of life:
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื:
00:20
the cell's watery cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles,
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:25
and all the molecules it needs to survive.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื.
00:28
How does the membrane work, and where does that strength come from?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื—ื•ื–ืงื”?
00:34
First of all, it's tempting to think of a cell membrane
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคืชื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื
00:37
like the tight skin of a balloon,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื• ื”ืžืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ,
00:39
but it's actually something much more complex.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
00:43
In reality, it's constantly in flux,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”,
00:45
shifting components back and forth to help the cell take in food,
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
00:49
remove waste,
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ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืคืกื•ืœืช,
00:51
let specific molecules in and out,
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ืœืชืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฆืืช,
00:53
communicate with other cells,
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:55
gather information about the environment,
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
00:58
and repair itself.
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ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
01:00
The cell membrane gets this resilience, flexibility, and functionality
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
01:04
by combining a variety of floating components
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ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
01:08
in what biologists call a fluid mosaic.
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ื”ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืคืกื™ืคืก ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
01:13
The primary component of the fluid mosaic
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™
01:15
is a simple molecule called a phospholipid.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“.
01:19
A phospholipid has a polar, electrically-charged head,
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ืœืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
01:22
which attracts water,
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืžื™ื,
01:24
and a non-polar tail, which repels it.
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ื•ื–ื ื‘ ืœื ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘, ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืชื.
01:27
They pair up tail-to-tail in a two layer sheet
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื ื‘ ืœื–ื ื‘ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:31
just five to ten nanometers thick that extends all around the cell.
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžืชื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื.
01:37
The heads point in towards the cytoplasm
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ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื”
01:39
and out towards the watery fluid external to the cell
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื
01:42
with the lipid tails sandwiched in between.
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ืขื ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
01:47
This bilayer, which at body temperature has the consistency of vegetable oil,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™,
01:51
is studded with other types of molecules,
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ืžื ื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:55
including proteins,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
01:56
carbohydrates,
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
01:57
and cholesterol.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ.
02:00
Cholesterol keeps the membrane at the right fluidity.
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ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.
02:03
It also helps regulate communication between cells.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื.
02:07
Sometimes, cells talk to each other
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืชืื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
02:09
by releasing and capturing chemicals and proteins.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
02:13
The release of proteins is easy,
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ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœ,
02:15
but the capture of them is more complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:18
That happens through a process called endocytosis
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื“ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืก
02:23
in which sections of the membrane engulf substances
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ื‘ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
02:25
and transport them into the cell as vesicles.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื›ื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:30
Once the contents have been released,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ,
02:32
the vesicles are recycled and returned to the cell membrane.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื.
02:36
The most complex components of the fluid mosaic are proteins.
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
02:42
One of their key jobs is to make sure
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
02:43
that the right molecules get in and out of the cell.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืชื.
02:48
Non-polar molecules, like oxygen,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
02:50
carbon dioxide,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:51
and certain vitamins
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื
02:53
can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
02:56
But polar and charged molecules can't make it through the fatty inner layer.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ืช.
03:02
Transmembrane proteins stretch across the bilayer to create channels
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืช
03:06
that allow specific molecules through, like sodium and potassium ions.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ.
03:12
Peripheral proteins floating in the inner face of the bilayer
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
03:15
help anchor the membrane to the cell's interior scaffolding.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืœืฉืœื“ ื”ืชื•ืš ืชืื™.
03:20
Other proteins in cell membranes can help fuse two different bilayers.
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
03:25
That can work to our benefit, like when a sperm fertilizes an egg,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืฉื–ืจืข ืžืคืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช,
03:29
but also harm us, as it does when a virus enters a cell.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•, ื›ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื.
03:34
And some proteins move within the fluid mosaic,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
03:37
coming together to form complexes that carry out specific jobs.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:42
For instance, one complex might activate cells in our immune system,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
03:46
then move apart when the job is done.
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ื•ืื– ืชืชื ืชืง ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”.
03:50
Cell membranes are also the site of an ongoing war
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
03:53
between us and all the things that want to infect us.
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื•.
03:56
In fact, some of the most toxic substances we know of
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื•
04:00
are membrane-breaching proteins made by infectious bacteria.
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ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
04:05
These pore-forming toxins poke giant holes in our cell membranes,
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ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:09
causing a cell's contents to leak out.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
04:13
Scientists are working on developing ways to defend against them,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื,
04:17
like using a nano-sponge that saves our cells
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื ื•-ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ื ื•
04:19
by soaking up the membrane-damaging toxins.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช.
04:24
The fluid mosaic is what makes all the functions of life possible.
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ืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:28
Without a cell membrane, there could be no cells,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื,
04:32
and without cells, there would be no bacteria,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืชืื™ื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
04:34
no parasites,
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ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื,
04:36
no fungi,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
04:37
no animals,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:38
and no us.
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ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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