Cell membranes are way more complicated than you think - Nazzy Pakpour

912,918 views ・ 2017-08-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyunsu Chae κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Cell membranes are structures of contradictions.
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세포막은 λͺ¨μˆœλ˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
These oily films are hundreds of times thinner than a strand of spider silk,
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이 기름진 필름은 거미쀄 ν•œ κ°€λ‹₯보닀 수백 λ°° μ–‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
yet strong enough to protect the delicate contents of life:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생λͺ…을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ—°μ•½ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ κ°•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
the cell's watery cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles,
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ μˆ˜λΆ„μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ§ˆ, μœ μ „ 물질, 세포 κΈ°κ΄€
00:25
and all the molecules it needs to survive.
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그리고 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨λŠ” 데 ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
How does the membrane work, and where does that strength come from?
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세포막은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ™μž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ„κΉŒμš”? 이런 νž˜μ€ μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:34
First of all, it's tempting to think of a cell membrane
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μš°μ„ , μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” 세포막이
ν’μ„ μ˜ νŒ½νŒ½ν•œ ν‘œλ©΄κ³Ό 같을 것이라고 생각될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
like the tight skin of a balloon,
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00:39
but it's actually something much more complex.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀 세포막은 이보닀 훨씬 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
In reality, it's constantly in flux,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 세포막은 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μœ λ™μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
shifting components back and forth to help the cell take in food,
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ꡬ성 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ•žλ’€λ‘œ 움직이며 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μŒμ‹λ¬Ό μ„­μ·¨λ₯Ό 돕고,
00:49
remove waste,
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폐기물을 μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³ ,
00:51
let specific molecules in and out,
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νŠΉμ • λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ μΆœμž…ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λ©°,
00:53
communicate with other cells,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀과 ν†΅μ‹ ν•˜κ³ ,
00:55
gather information about the environment,
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μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό λͺ¨μœΌλ©°,
00:58
and repair itself.
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κ³ μž₯λ‚œ 곳을 자체적으둜 μˆ˜λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
The cell membrane gets this resilience, flexibility, and functionality
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세포막은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 탄λ ₯μ„±, μœ μ—°μ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯성을
01:04
by combining a variety of floating components
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 뢀동 ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
in what biologists call a fluid mosaic.
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생물 ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이λ₯Ό μœ λ™ λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬(fluid mosaic)라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μœ λ™ λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬μ˜ 주된 ꡬ성 μš”μ†ŒλŠ”
01:13
The primary component of the fluid mosaic
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01:15
is a simple molecule called a phospholipid.
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μΈμ§€μ§ˆ(phospholipid)이라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λΆ„μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
A phospholipid has a polar, electrically-charged head,
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μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ€, μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό 띄며 물을 λŒμ–΄ λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” κ·Ήμ„±μ˜ 머리와
01:22
which attracts water,
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01:24
and a non-polar tail, which repels it.
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물을 λ―Έλ€„λ‚΄λŠ” λΉ„κ·Ήμ„± 꼬리λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:27
They pair up tail-to-tail in a two layer sheet
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꼬리와 꼬리가 짝을 지어 2측의 판으둜 이루어져 있으며,
01:31
just five to ten nanometers thick that extends all around the cell.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 단지 5μ—μ„œ 10λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ˜ λ‘κ»˜λ‘œ 세포λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
The heads point in towards the cytoplasm
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μ•ˆ μͺ½μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ§ˆμ„ ν–₯ν•˜μ—¬ 있고,
01:39
and out towards the watery fluid external to the cell
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λ°”κΉ₯ μͺ½μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” 세포 μ™ΈλΆ€μ˜ μˆ˜λΆ„μ„ ν–₯ν•˜κ³  있으며,
01:42
with the lipid tails sandwiched in between.
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κ·Έ 사이에 μ§€μ§ˆμ˜ 꼬리가 끼어 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 이쀑측은 식물성 기름과 같은 μ˜¨λ„λ‘œ λ‚΄λΆ€ μ˜¨λ„κ°€ 일관성을 κ°–μœΌλ©°
01:47
This bilayer, which at body temperature has the consistency of vegetable oil,
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01:51
is studded with other types of molecules,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ λ°•ν˜€μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
including proteins,
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κ·Έ 쀑에 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ,
01:56
carbohydrates,
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νƒ„μˆ˜ν™”λ¬Ό,
01:57
and cholesterol.
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그리고 μ½œλ ˆμŠ€ν…Œλ‘€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ½œλ ˆμŠ€ν…Œλ‘€μ€ 세포막이 μ μ ˆν•œ μœ λ™μ„±μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
Cholesterol keeps the membrane at the right fluidity.
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02:03
It also helps regulate communication between cells.
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λ˜ν•œ 세포 κ°„μ˜ 톡신을 κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ•μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Sometimes, cells talk to each other
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 세포듀은 μ„œλ‘œ 톡신할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
by releasing and capturing chemicals and proteins.
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ν™”ν•™ 물질과 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ°©μΆœν•˜κ³  ν¬μ§‘ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
The release of proteins is easy,
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ‰½μ§€λ§Œ,
02:15
but the capture of them is more complicated.
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ν¬μ§‘ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
That happens through a process called endocytosis
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이 것은 세포 λ‚΄ μ„­μ·¨(endocytosis)라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 과정을 톡해 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§‰μ˜ 일뢀뢄이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λΉ¨μ•„ 듀이고,
02:23
in which sections of the membrane engulf substances
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02:25
and transport them into the cell as vesicles.
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ†Œν¬(vesicle)λ‘œμ„œ 세포 λ‚΄λ‘œ μˆ˜μ†‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ 방좜되면,
02:30
Once the contents have been released,
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μ†Œν¬λŠ” μž¬ν™œμš©λ˜μ–΄ μ„Έν¬λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
the vesicles are recycled and returned to the cell membrane.
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02:36
The most complex components of the fluid mosaic are proteins.
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μœ λ™ λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬μ˜ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 것은 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ 주된 μ—­ν•  쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
02:42
One of their key jobs is to make sure
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02:43
that the right molecules get in and out of the cell.
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μ μ ˆν•œ λΆ„μžκ°€ 세포λ₯Ό μΆœμž…ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Non-polar molecules, like oxygen,
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극성이 μ—†λŠ” λΆ„μž,
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ‚°μ†Œ, μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ,
02:50
carbon dioxide,
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02:51
and certain vitamins
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그리고 νŠΉμ • 비타민은
02:53
can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily.
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μΈμ§€μ§ˆ 이쀑측을 μ‰½κ²Œ 톡과할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
But polar and charged molecules can't make it through the fatty inner layer.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Ήμ„± λΆ„μžλ‚˜ ν•˜μ „λœ λΆ„μžλŠ” λ‚΄λΆ€μ˜ 지방측을 톡과 ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
Transmembrane proteins stretch across the bilayer to create channels
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막관톡 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 채널을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이쀑측을 κ°€λ‘œ 질러 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
that allow specific molecules through, like sodium and potassium ions.
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그리고 λ‚˜νŠΈλ₯¨κ³Ό μΉΌλ₯¨ 이온과 같은 νŠΉμ • λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ 톡과할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Peripheral proteins floating in the inner face of the bilayer
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μ΄μ€‘μΈ΅μ˜ μ•ˆμͺ½ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λΆ€μœ ν•˜λŠ” μ™Έμž¬μ„± λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€
03:15
help anchor the membrane to the cell's interior scaffolding.
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ λ°œνŒμ— 세포막을 κ³ μ •μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것을 λ•μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ„Έν¬λ§‰μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 이쀑측을 κ²°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Other proteins in cell membranes can help fuse two different bilayers.
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03:25
That can work to our benefit, like when a sperm fertilizes an egg,
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이 것은 μ •μžμ™€ λ‚œμžκ°€ μˆ˜μ •λ  λ•Œμ²˜λŸΌ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μœ μ΅ν•  λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:29
but also harm us, as it does when a virus enters a cell.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 세포에 λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ λ•Œμ™€ 같이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ₯Ό 끼칠 λ•Œλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
And some proteins move within the fluid mosaic,
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그리고 일뢀 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ€ 앑체 λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 움직이며
03:37
coming together to form complexes that carry out specific jobs.
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ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ—¬ νŠΉμ • μž‘μ—…μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 볡합체λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
For instance, one complex might activate cells in our immune system,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 볡합체가 우리의 λ©΄μ—­ 체계 λ‚΄μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
03:46
then move apart when the job is done.
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μž‘μ—…μ΄ μ™„λ£Œλ˜λ©΄ 뢄리 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
Cell membranes are also the site of an ongoing war
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세포막은 μ „μŸμ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μž₯μ΄κΈ°λ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
between us and all the things that want to infect us.
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 우리λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ μ „μŸλ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
In fact, some of the most toxic substances we know of
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사싀, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 독성이 κ°•ν•œ 물질 μ€‘μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ”
04:00
are membrane-breaching proteins made by infectious bacteria.
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감염 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 막 파괴 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
These pore-forming toxins poke giant holes in our cell membranes,
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이 λ…μ†ŒλŠ” 우리 세포막에 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ꡬ멍을 λš«μ–΄
04:09
causing a cell's contents to leak out.
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세포 μ•ˆμ˜ λ‚΄μš©λ¬Όμ΄ λˆ„μΆœλ˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
Scientists are working on developing ways to defend against them,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 우리λ₯Ό λ°©μ–΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법듀을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λ‚˜λ…Έ μŠ€νŽ€μ§€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
04:17
like using a nano-sponge that saves our cells
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세포막에 μœ ν•΄ν•œ λ…μ†Œλ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜μ‹œμΌœ 세포λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
by soaking up the membrane-damaging toxins.
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04:24
The fluid mosaic is what makes all the functions of life possible.
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μœ λ™ λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚Άμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Without a cell membrane, there could be no cells,
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세포막이 μ—†μ΄λŠ” 세포가 μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
and without cells, there would be no bacteria,
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그리고 세포가 μ—†μ΄λŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ„ μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†μœΌλ©°,
04:34
no parasites,
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기생물도,
04:36
no fungi,
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κ· λ₯˜λ„,
04:37
no animals,
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동물도,
04:38
and no us.
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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