Inventing the American presidency - Kenneth C. Davis

199,602 views ใƒป 2013-02-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
The Oval Office,
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ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื’ืœื’ืœ,
00:16
Inauguration Day,
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ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื”,
00:17
Rose Garden signings,
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ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
00:19
and secret service agents
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืื™
00:20
with dark sunglasses and cool wrist radios.
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ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืฉืจ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื™ื“.
00:23
For a moment, forget all of it.
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ืœืจื’ืข, ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”.
00:25
Toss out everything you know about the President.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
00:27
Now, start over.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
00:29
What would you do if you had to invent the President?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช?
00:33
That was the question facing the 55 men
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ 55 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
00:36
who got together in secret
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ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืกื•ื“
00:37
to draw up the plans for a new American government
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:40
in the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1787 ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
00:44
in the same place where the Declaration of Independence
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
00:47
had been written eleven years earlier.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
00:50
Declaring independence had been risky business,
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ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืกืง ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
00:52
demanding ferocious courage
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ืฉื“ืจืฉ ืื•ืžืฅ ืขืฆื•ื
00:54
that put lives and fortunes in jeopardy.
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ืฉืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
00:57
But, inventing a new government was no field day either,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื”.
01:01
especially when it's summer
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื™ืฅ
01:03
and you're in scratchy suits,
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžื’ืจื“ื•ืช,
01:04
and the windows are closed
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื
01:05
because you don't want anybody
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“
01:06
to hear what you are saying,
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ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื” ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
01:08
and the air conditioning doesn't work
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ื•ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“
01:10
because it won't be invented for nearly 200 years.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ 200 ืฉื ื”.
01:13
And, when you don't agree on things,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:15
it gets even hotter.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื.
01:17
For the framers, the question they argued over most
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:21
while writing the Constitution
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”
01:22
and creating three branches of government
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
01:25
had to do with the executive department.
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ื ื’ืขื• ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช.
01:29
One man or three to do the job?
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ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?
01:31
How long should he serve?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจืช?
01:32
What would he really do?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืขืฉื”?
01:34
Who would pick him?
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ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ืชื•?
01:35
How to get rid of him
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•
01:36
if he's doing a bad job or he's a crook?
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ืœ?
01:39
And, of course, they all meant him,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืืœื™ื•,
01:42
and he would be a white man.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ.
01:45
The idea of a woman
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”
01:46
or an African American, for instance,
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ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ , ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:48
holding this high office
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ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื
01:50
was not a glimmer in their eyes.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
01:53
But the framers knew they needed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
01:54
someone who could take charge,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:56
especially in a crisis, like an invasion or a rebellion,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืื• ืžืจื“,
02:00
or negotiating treaties.
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ืื• ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื.
02:03
Congress was not very good
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
02:05
at making such important decisions
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:07
without debates and delays.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:10
But the framers thought America needed a man
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื“ื
02:12
who was decisive and could act quickly.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:15
They called it energy and dispatch.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื—.
02:18
One thing they were dead-set against:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ื’ื“ื•:
02:21
there would be no king.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš.
02:23
They had fought a war against a country with a monarch
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ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืžืœืš
02:26
and were afraid that one man
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ื•ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“
02:27
with unchecked powers, in charge of an army,
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ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืœืœื ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื,
02:30
could take over the country.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:32
Instead, they settled on a president
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื
02:35
and laid out his powers in Article 2 of the Constitution.
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ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ืœื—ื•ืงื”.
02:40
But who would choose him?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ืชื•?
02:41
Not the people, they were too liable to be misled
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ืœื ื”ืขื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื
02:45
as one framer worried.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื“ืื’.
02:47
Not the legislature, that would lead to cabal and factions.
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ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื–ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช.
02:52
Got it: electors, wise, informed men
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ื”ื‘ื ื•: ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:56
who have time to make a good decision.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:58
And if they didn't produce a winner,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื ืฆื—,
03:00
then the decision would go to one
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ืื– ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื“
03:02
of the other branches of government, the Congress.
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ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
03:05
The House of Representatives would step in
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื
03:07
and make the choice,
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ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจ,
03:09
which they did in 1801 and 1825.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ 1801 ื• 1825.
03:13
In the long, hot summer of 1787,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื—ื ืฉืœ 1787,
03:15
compromises were made to invent the presidency,
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ื ืขืฉื• ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
03:19
like counting slaves as 3/5 of a person,
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ื›ืกืคื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื› 3/5 ืื“ื,
03:23
giving the President command of the army
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ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
03:25
but Congress the power to declare war,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืžืœื—ืžื”,
03:28
and unlimited four-year terms.
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ื•ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
03:31
Since then, some of those compromises have been amended
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ืžืื–, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื•ืงื ื•
03:35
and the men in office have sometimes been too strong or too weak.
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™.
03:40
But, if you could start from scratch,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:42
how would you redesign the Oval Office?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื’ืœื’ืœ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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