The secret lives of baby fish - Amy McDermott

251,668 views ใƒป 2014-08-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
What you're looking at isn't some weird x-ray.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:09
It's actually a baby yellow tang surgeonfish at two months old.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืžื ืชื— ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:13
And you thought your childhood was awkward.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
00:16
But here is the same fish as an adult,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื’ ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
00:18
a beautiful inhabitant of the Indian and Pacific Oceans' coral reefs
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ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื™ืคื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜
00:22
and one of the most popular captive fish for salt water aquariums.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื.
00:26
Of the 27,000 known fish species, over a quarter live on coral reefs
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ืžืชื•ืš 27,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
00:31
that make up less than 1% of the Earth's surface.
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ืฉืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 1% ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:35
But prior to settling down in this diverse tropical environment,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžืงืžื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ื•,
00:38
baby coral reef fish face the difficult process of growing up on their own,
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
00:42
undergoing drastic changes, and the journey of a lifetime
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
00:46
before they find that reef to call home.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœื” ื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ื™ืช.
00:48
The life cycle for most of these fish
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:50
begins when their parents spew sperm and eggs into the water column.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื.
00:54
This can happen daily, seasonally, or yearly depending on the species,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืŸ,
00:59
generally following lunar or seasonal tidal patterns.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื—ื™ ืื• ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:02
Left to their fate, the fertilized eggs drift with the currents,
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ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื ืกื—ืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื,
01:06
and millions of baby larvae hatch into the world.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:09
When they first emerge, the larvae are tiny and vulnerable.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
01:13
Some don't even have gills yet and must absorb oxygen
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ืœื›ืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
01:16
directly from the water through their tissue-thin skin.
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
01:19
They may float in the water column anywhere from minutes to months,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:22
sometimes drifting thousands of miles across vast oceans,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:26
far from the reefs where they were born.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
01:29
Along the way, they must successfully avoid predators,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
01:32
obtain food, and ride the right currents to find their way to a suitable adult habitat,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
01:37
which might as well be a needle in vast haystack of ocean.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืžืช ืฉื—ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:40
So, how did they accomplish this feat?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”?
01:42
Until recently, marine biologists thought of larval fish as largely passive drifters,
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื—ืœื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
01:47
dispersed by ocean currents to distant locales.
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ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
01:51
But in the last 20 years, new research has suggested
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื•
01:54
that larvae may not be as helpless as they seem,
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ืฉื–ื—ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื”,
01:57
and are capable of taking their fate in their own fins
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื”ื
01:59
to maximize their chances of survival.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:02
The larvae of many species are unexpectedly strong swimmers,
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ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
02:06
and can move vertically in the water column to place themselves in different water masses
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืืกื•ืช ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:10
and preferentially ride certain currents.
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ื•ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
02:13
These fish may be choosing the best routes to their eventual homes.
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:17
When searching for these homes,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:19
evidence suggests that larvae navigate via a complex suite of sensory systems,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื”,
02:23
detecting both sound and smell.
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ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
02:26
Odor, in particular, allows larvae to distinguish between different environments,
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:30
even adjacent reefs,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
02:32
helping guide them toward their preferred adult habitats.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช.
02:35
Many will head for far-flung locales miles away from their birth place.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืคื ื• ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:40
But some will use smell and other sensory cues
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืจื™ื— ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:42
to navigate back to the reefs where they were born,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื•,
02:45
even if they remain in the larval stage for months.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื—ืœ ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:48
So, what happens when larvae do find a suitable coral reef?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”?
02:52
Do they risk it all in one jump from the water column,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื,
02:54
hoping to land in exactly the right spot to settle down
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ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื
02:57
and metamorphose into adults?
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื?
02:59
Not exactly.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
03:01
Instead, larvae appear to have more of a bungee system.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืื ื’'ื™.
03:04
Larvae will drop down in the water column to check out a reef below.
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ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช.
03:08
If conditions aren't right, they can jump back up
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ืื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”
03:10
into higher water masses and ride on,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื›ื‘,
03:13
chancing that the next reef they find will be a better fit.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืชืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:16
But this is the point where our knowledge ends.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจ.
03:19
We don't know the geographic movements of individual larva for most species.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
03:23
Nor do we know which exact environmental cues and behaviors they use
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
03:27
to navigate to the reefs they will call home.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ื™ืช.
03:30
But we do know that these tiny trekkers
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:32
are more than the fragile and helpless creatures
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื
03:34
science once believed them to be.
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคืขื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื.
03:36
The secret lives of baby fish remain largely mysterious to us,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื ื•,
03:40
unknown adventures waiting to be told.
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ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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