The chemistry of cold packs - John Pollard

456,940 views ใƒป 2014-09-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:08
So you just strained a muscle and the inflammation is unbearable.
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ืื– ืžืชื—ืชื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช.
00:13
You wish you had something ice-cold to dull the pain,
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ืืชื ืžืื—ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจ ื›ืžื• ืงืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘,
00:16
but to use an ice pack, you would have had to put it in the freezer hours ago.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ืงืจื—, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:21
Fortunately, there's another option.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
00:23
A cold pack can be left at room temperature until the moment you need it,
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ืฉืงื™ืช ืงื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืขื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื”,
00:28
then just snap it as instructed and within seconds you'll feel the chill.
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจ.
00:33
But how can something go from room temperature to near freezing
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืคื™ืื”
00:37
in such a short time?
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
00:38
The answer lies in chemistry.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
00:41
Your cold pack contains water and a solid compound,
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ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื”,
00:44
usually ammonium nitrate, in different compartments separated by a barrier.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื˜, ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฆื™ืฆื”.
00:49
When the barrier is broken, the solid dissolves
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฆื™ืฆื” ื ืฉื‘ืจืช, ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืžืชืžื•ืกืก
00:52
causing what's known as an endothermic reaction,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื ื“ื•ืชืจืžื™ืช,
00:55
one that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:58
To understand how this works,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:00
we need to look at the two driving forces behind chemical processes:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™:
01:04
energetics and entropy.
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ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
01:07
These determine whether a change occurs in a system and how energy flows if it does.
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ืืœื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
01:13
In chemistry, energetics deals with the attractive and repulsive forces
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ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ื”
01:17
between particles at the molecular level.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:20
This scale is so small that there are more water molecules in a single glass
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ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืื—ืช
01:26
than there are known stars in the universe.
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ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:29
And all of these trillions of molecules are
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ื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:31
constantly moving, vibrating and rotating at different rates.
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ื ืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:36
We can think of temperature as a measurement of the average motion,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช,
01:39
or kinetic energy, of all these particles,
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ืื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:42
with an increase in movement meaning an increase in temperature,
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ืขื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:46
and vice versa.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
01:48
The flow of heat in any chemical transformation
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ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™
01:51
depends on the relative strength of particle interactions
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:54
in each of a substance's chemical states.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:57
When particles have a strong mutual attractive force,
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ื›ืฉืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง,
02:00
they move rapidly towards one another, until they get so close,
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
02:03
that repulsive forces push them away.
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ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
02:07
If the initial attraction was strong enough,
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ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:09
the particles will keep vibrating back and forth in this way.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
02:13
The stronger the attraction, the faster their movement,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:16
and since heat is essentially motion,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”,
02:18
when a substance changes to a state in which these interactions are stronger,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:22
the system heats up.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื—ืžืžืช.
02:24
But our cold packs do the opposite,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืš,
02:26
which means that when the solid dissolves in the water,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื™ื,
02:29
the new interactions of solid particles and water molecules with each other
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืžื•ืฆืง ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
02:33
are weaker than the separate interactions that existed before.
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ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:37
This makes both types of particles slow down on average,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:40
cooling the whole solution.
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ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ืกื”.
02:42
But why would a substance change to a state where the interactions were weaker?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:47
Wouldn't the stronger preexisting interactions keep the solid from dissolving?
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ื”ืื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก?
02:51
This is where entropy comes in.
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ืœืคื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
02:53
Entropy basically describes how objects and energy
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ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืš ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:56
are distributed based on random motion.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
02:59
If you think of the air in a room, there are many different possible arrangements
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
03:03
for the trillions of particles that compose it.
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ืœื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:05
Some of these will have all the oxygen molecules in one area,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื” ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
03:09
and all the nitrogen molecules in another.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ืจ.
03:11
But far more will have them mixed together,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื,
03:14
which is why air is always found in this state.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
03:17
Now, if there are strong attractive forces between particles,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
03:20
the probability of some configurations can change
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ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
03:24
even to the point where the odds don't favor certain substances mixing.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:28
Oil and water not mixing is an example.
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ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
03:31
But in the case of the ammonium nitrate, or other substance in your cold pack,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื˜, ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:35
the attractive forces are not strong enough to change the odds,
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื,
03:38
and random motion makes the particles composing the solid separate
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืœื”ืคืจื“
03:42
by dissolving into the water and never returning to their solid state.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉืœื”ื.
03:47
To put it simply, your cold pack gets cold because random motion
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื ื•ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช
03:50
creates more configurations where the solid and water mix together
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื
03:55
and all of these have even weaker particle interaction,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:59
less overall particle movement,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
04:00
and less heat than there was inside the unused pack.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
04:05
So while the disorder that can result from entropy
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
04:08
may have caused your injury in the first place,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจืืฉ,
04:10
its also responsible for that comforting cold that soothes your pain.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื—ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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