Where does energy come from? - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

450,601 views ใƒป 2013-11-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:08
Energy is not easy to define.
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ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:10
Things have energy,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:12
but you can't hold
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00:12
a bushel of energy in your hands.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง
ื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
00:14
You can see what it does,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
00:16
but you can't see it directly.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
00:18
There are different types of energy,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:20
but the differences between them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ
00:21
are manifested only in how they make stuff behave.
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ืžืชืžืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’.
00:25
We do know that the total amount
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกืš ื”ื›ืžื•ืช
00:27
of all the different types of energy in the universe
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
00:29
is always the same.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
00:31
And, for chemists, two important types of energy
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ื•ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
00:33
are chemical potential energy
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ื”ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
00:35
and kinetic energy.
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:36
Potential energy is energy waiting to happen.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
00:39
Think of a stretched rubber band.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื”.
00:41
If you cut it,
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ืื ืชื—ืชื›ื• ืื•ืชื”,
00:42
all that potential energy
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
00:44
gets converted to kinetic energy,
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ืžื•ืžืจืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช,
00:46
which is registered by you as pain.
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ืฉื ืจืฉืžืช ืืฆืœื›ื ื›ื›ืื‘.
00:49
Like a stretched rubber band,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื”,
00:50
chemical bonds also store energy,
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:52
and when those bonds are broken,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื,
00:54
that potential energy gets converted
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื•ืžืจืช
00:55
to other types of energy,
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ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:57
like heat or light,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื ืื• ืื•ืจ,
00:58
or gets used to make different bonds.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:00
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
01:03
and molecules are always moving.
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ื’ ื ืขื•ืช.
01:05
They're not necessarily going somewhere,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื,
01:07
though they could be,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:08
but they are vibrating,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
01:10
stretching,
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01:10
bending,
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01:10
and/or spinning.
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ื ืžืชื—ื•ืช,
ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช,
ื• / ืื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
01:12
Take methane,
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืžืชืืŸ,
01:13
which is four hydrogens
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื ื™ื
01:14
attached to a central carbon,
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
01:15
as an example.
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:16
Drawn on paper,
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ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
01:17
it's just a still tetrahedron.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ื˜ืจื”ื“ืจื•ืŸ.
01:19
But in real life, it's a jiggling mess.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืœื’ืืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื˜.
01:22
The kinetic energy of molecules
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:23
is exactly the same type of energy
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:25
as the energy you have
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
01:27
when you're moving around,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื–ื–ื™ื,
01:28
except that you can be still
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ืืœื ืฉืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืงื˜
01:30
and molecules can't.
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื.
01:31
If you suck the kinetic energy
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ืื ืชืฉืื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:33
out of a group of molecules,
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ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
01:34
they'll move less,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืคื—ื•ืช,
01:35
but they'll never fully stop.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:37
Now, in any group of molecules,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
01:39
some will have more kinetic energy than others.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:41
And if we calculate
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ื•ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘
01:42
the average kinetic energy of the group,
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ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
01:44
we'd have a number mathematically related to
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ
01:47
temperature.
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ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
01:48
So, the more kinetic energy
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ืื–, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:50
a group of molecules has,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
01:51
the higher its temperature.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:52
And that means that on a hot day,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื,
01:54
the molecules in the air around you
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื
01:56
are spinning, stretching, bending,
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ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื ืžืชื—ื•ืช, ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช,
01:58
and generally shooting around much faster
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืคื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื”ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:00
than on a cold day.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงืจ.
02:02
Now, hot and cold, by the way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
02:04
are relative terms.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื.
02:05
They're always used to compare
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
02:07
one thing to something else.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
02:08
So, on that hot summer day,
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ืื–, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื—ื,
02:09
the air molecules have more kinetic energy
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:11
than the molecules in your skin.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:14
So, when those air molecules crash into you,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื,
02:16
they transfer some of their energy
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:18
to the molecules in your skin,
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:20
and you feel that as heat.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื—ื•ื.
02:22
On a cold day,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงืจ,
02:23
the air molecules have less kinetic energy
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:25
than the molecules in your skin,
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ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:27
so when you crash into those air molecules,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืจืกืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื”,
02:29
you actually transfer
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ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื
02:30
some of your kinetic energy to them,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืŸ,
02:33
and you feel that as cold.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืงื•ืจ.
02:35
You can trace the path of energy around you.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
02:38
Try it at your next cookout.
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ื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:40
You burn charcoal
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ื
02:41
and the release of that chemical potential energy
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:43
shows up as extreme heat and light.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื—ื•ื ืขื– ื•ืื•ืจ.
02:45
The heat then makes the molecules
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืื– ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
02:47
of your burgers, your hot dogs, or your vegetables
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื ืงื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช
02:50
vibrate until their own bonds break
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ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
02:52
and new chemical structures are formed.
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
02:54
Too much heat and you have a charred mess;
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืš;
02:56
just enough and you have dinner.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
02:58
Once in your body,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
02:59
the food molecules in your delicious,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื”
03:01
or charred,
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ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื”,
03:02
dinner get broken down,
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ืื• ื”ืฉืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช,
03:03
and the energy released
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ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช
03:04
is used to either keep you alive right now
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ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
03:07
or it's stored for later in different molecules.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืื’ืจืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:10
As night falls,
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืจื“,
03:11
the hot summer air cools
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ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื—ื ืžืชืงืจืจ
03:13
and the flow of energy into you slows.
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ื•ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื›ื ืžืื™ื˜ื”.
03:15
Then, as the air reaches your skin temperature,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:18
for the briefest of moments,
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ืœืจื’ืข ืงืœ,
03:19
the flow stops.
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื”.
03:21
And then it starts up again
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘
03:22
in the opposite direction
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™
03:23
as energy leaves the warmer surface of your skin
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ื›ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื
03:26
to return to the universe around you,
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื™ืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
03:29
that energy, neither created nor destroyed,
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืœื ื ื”ืจืกืช,
03:31
but ever shape-shifting,
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ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”,
03:33
the chameleon phoenix of our physical world.
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ื”ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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