Beware of nominalizations (AKA zombie nouns) - Helen Sword

1,116,932 views ใƒป 2012-10-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Sonia Barchilon ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Take an adjective such as "implacable,"
1
16143
3081
ืงื—ื• ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ, ื›ืžื• "ื ื•ืงืฉื”,"
00:19
or a verb like "proliferate,"
2
19224
2534
ืื• ืคื•ืขืœ, ื›ืžื• "ืฆืžื—,"
00:21
or even another noun, "crony,"
3
21758
2466
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืขืฆื, "ื™ื“ื™ื“,"
00:24
and add a suffix, such as "-ity," or "-tion," or "-ism."
4
24224
6936
ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื›ืžื• "-ื•ืช", ืื• "-ื”", ืื• "-ื™ื–ื".
00:31
You've created a new noun.
5
31160
2264
ื™ืฆืจืชื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:33
"Implacability," "proliferation," "cronyism."
6
33424
5462
"ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช," "ืฆืžื™ื—ื”," "ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช."
00:38
Sounds impressive, right?
7
38886
2252
ื ืฉืžืข ืžืจืฉื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:41
Wrong! You've just unleashed a flesh-eating zombie.
8
41138
4716
ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ! ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื—ืจืจืชื ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ-ืื“ื.
00:45
Nouns made from other parts of speech are called nominalizations.
9
45854
4716
ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช.
00:50
Academics love them.
10
50570
1869
ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:52
So do lawyers, bureaucrats, business writers.
11
52439
5115
ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช.
00:57
I call them zombie nouns, because they consume the living.
12
57554
4450
ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:02
They cannibalize active verbs, they suck the lifeblood from adjectives,
13
62004
5301
ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืคืขืœื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ,
01:07
and they substitute abstract entities for human beings.
14
67305
4850
ื•ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
01:12
Here's an example.
15
72155
2349
ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:14
"The proliferation of nominalizations in a discursive formation may be an indication
16
74504
6165
ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืจืžื™ื–ื”
01:20
of a tendency towards pomposity and abstraction." Huh?
17
80669
5468
ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืฉื˜ื”." ืžื”?
01:26
This sentence contains no fewer than seven nominalizations,
18
86137
5068
ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช
01:31
yet it fails to tell us who is doing what.
19
91205
3482
ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื”.
01:34
When we eliminate, or reanimate, most of the zombie nouns,
20
94687
3968
ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื˜, ืื• ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื,
01:38
so "tendency" becomes "tend," "abstraction" becomes "abstract,"
21
98655
5600
ืื– "ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”" ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœ"ื ื˜ื”," "ื”ืคืฉื˜ื”" ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœ"ืžื•ืคืฉื˜,"
01:44
then we add a human subject and some active verbs,
22
104255
3716
ื•ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ืฉื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืœื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
01:47
the sentence springs back to life.
23
107971
2917
ืื– ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
01:50
"Writers who overload their sentences with nominalizations tend to sound pompous and abstract."
24
110888
6868
ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืขืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื."
01:57
Only one zombie noun -- the key word "nominalizations" --
25
117756
4618
ืจืง ืฉื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืื—ื“ - ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— "ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" -
02:02
has been allowed to remain standing.
26
122374
3631
ื”ื•ืจืฉืชื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื”.
02:06
At their best, nominalizations help us express complex ideas,
27
126005
4849
ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:10
perception, intelligence, epistemology.
28
130854
5317
ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:16
At their worst, they impede clear communication.
29
136171
4233
ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”.
02:20
To get a feeling for how zombie nouns work, release a few of them into a lively sentence
30
140404
5066
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื™
02:25
and watch them sap all its energy.
31
145470
3084
ื•ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:28
George Orwell played this game in his essay "Politics in the English Language."
32
148554
4550
ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช."
02:33
He started with a well-known verse from the book of Ecclesiastes in the Bible.
33
153104
4950
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื”ืœืช ื‘ืชื "ืš.
02:38
It says "I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong,
34
158054
8966
ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืจืื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ืœื ืœืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื•ืœื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:47
neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favor to men of skill;
35
167020
8068
ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื—ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื—ืŸ;
02:55
but time and chance happeneth to them all."
36
175088
4832
ื›ื™ ืขืช ื•ืคื’ืข ื™ืงืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื."
02:59
Now here's Orwell's modern English version.
37
179920
4369
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
03:04
"Objective considerations of contemporary phenomena compel the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities
38
184289
8448
ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช
03:12
exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable
39
192737
7268
ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
03:20
must invariably be taken into account."
40
200005
4315
ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™."
03:24
The Bible passage speaks to our senses and emotions with concrete nouns,
41
204320
4850
ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืขืœื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื,
03:29
descriptions of people, and punchy, abstract nouns such as "race,"
42
209170
5001
ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืžืจืฆื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืžืจื•ืฅ",
03:34
"battle," "riches," "time," "chance."
43
214171
4499
""ืžืœื—ืžื”," "ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,"ืขืช," "ืคื’ืข."
03:38
Not a zombie among them.
44
218670
2617
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื• ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืื—ื“.
03:41
Orwell's satirical translation, on the other hand, is teeming with nominalizations and other vague abstractions.
45
221287
7118
ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืฉื•ืคืข ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช
03:48
The zombies have taken over, and the humans have fled the village.
46
228405
6583
ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžืžื ื•.
03:54
Zombie nouns do their worst damage when they gather in jargon-generating packs
47
234988
4682
ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ
03:59
and swallow every noun, verb and adjective in sight.
48
239670
4234
ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื, ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื.
04:03
So "globe" becomes "global," becomes "globalize," becomes "globalization."
49
243904
5483
ื›ืš ืฉ"ืขื•ืœื" ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ"ืขื•ืœืžื™," ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœ"ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™" ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœ"ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™."
04:09
The grandfather of all nominalizations, antidisestablishmentarianism,
50
249387
6018
ื”ืกื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” antidisestablishmentarianism
04:15
contains at least two verbs, three adjectives, and six other nouns
51
255405
5449
ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืœื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
04:20
inside its distended belly.
52
260854
3353
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื”.
04:24
A paragraph heavily populated by nominalizations will send your readers straight to sleep.
53
264207
6180
ืคื™ืกืงื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื ืžื™ื“.
04:30
Rescue them from the zombie apocalypse with vigorous verb-driven sentences
54
270387
5101
ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขืœื™ื
04:35
that are concrete and clearly structured.
55
275488
3152
ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
04:38
You want your sentences to live,
56
278640
2946
ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื—ื™ื•
04:41
not to join the living dead.
57
281586
4655
ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืชื™ื-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7