The effects of underwater pressure on the body - Neosha S Kashef

626,546 views ใƒป 2015-04-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Sometimes when a fish is reeled up to the surface
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื“ื’ ื ืžืฉืš ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
00:10
it will appear inflated,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืžื ื•ืคื—,
00:12
with its eyes bulging out of their sockets
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ืขื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ
00:14
and its stomach projecting out of its mouth,
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคื”,
00:16
as if its been blown up like a balloon.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืคื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
00:19
This type of bodily damage, caused by rapid changes in pressure,
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืฉื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ,
00:22
is called barotrauma.
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ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืจื•-ื˜ืจื•ืืžื”.
00:25
Under the sea, pressure increases by 14.7 pounds per square inch
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
00:30
for every 33 foot increase in depth.
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ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืง.
00:33
So, take the yelloweye rockfish,
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ืื– ืงื—ื• ืืช ื“ื’ ื”ืกืœืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืŸ,
00:35
which can live as deep as 1800 feet,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 550 ืžื˜ืจ,
00:38
where there's over 800 pounds of pressure on every square inch.
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ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 56 ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ.
00:43
That's equivalent to the weight of a polar bear balancing on a quarter.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืžืชืื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช.
00:47
Now, Boyle's gas law states
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ
00:50
that the volume of a gas is inversely related to pressure.
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ืฉื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื– ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื—ืฅ.
00:54
So, any air-filled spaces, like a rockfish's swim bladder,
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ืื–, ื›ืœ ื—ืœืœ ืžืœื ืื•ื™ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ,
00:58
or human lungs,
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ืื• ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:00
will compress as they descend deeper
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ื™ื“ื—ืกื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:02
and expand as they ascend.
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ื•ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื.
01:05
After a fish bites a fisherman's hook and is quickly reeled up to the surface,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ ื ื•ื’ืก ืืช ืงืจืก ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:09
the air in its swim bladder begins to expand.
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘.
01:12
Its rapid expansion actually forces the fish's stomach out of its mouth,
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ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื’ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื™ื•,
01:17
while the increased internal pressure pushes its eyes out of their sockets,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
01:22
a condition called exophthalmia.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืงื–ื•ืคืœืžื™ื™ื”.
01:25
Sometimes rockfish eyes will even have a crystallized appearance
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืจืื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™
01:29
from corneal emphysemas,
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ืžื ืคื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื ื™ืช,
01:31
little gas bubbles that build up inside the cornea.
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื– ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช.
01:35
Thankfully, a scuba diver doesn't have a closed swim bladder to worry about.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืœืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžื ื”.
01:40
A diver can regulate pressure in her lungs by breathing out as she ascends,
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ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”,
01:45
but must be wary of other laws of physics that are at play under the sea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
01:49
Henry's law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ
01:53
is proportional to its partial pressure.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:56
The air a diver breathes is 78% nitrogen.
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื 78% ื—ื ืงืŸ.
02:00
At a higher pressure under the sea,
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ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
02:02
the nitrogen from the air in a scuba tank
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ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”
02:04
diffuses into a diver's tissues in greater concentrations than it would on land.
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ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:10
If the diver ascends too quickly,
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ืื ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:13
this built up nitrogen can come out of solution
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืชืžื™ืกื”
02:16
and form microbubbles in her tissues, blood and joints,
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืคืจืงื™ื,
02:20
causing decompression sickness, aka the bends.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืžื—ืœืช ืืžื•ื“ืื™ื.
02:24
This is similar to the fizz of carbon dioxide coming out of your soda.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืขืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:28
Gas comes out of solution when the pressure's released.
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ื’ื– ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชืžื™ืกื” ื›ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
02:32
But for a diver, the bubbles cause severe pain
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืœืœืŸ, ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืื‘ ืขื–
02:34
and sometimes even death.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:37
Divers avoid falling victim to the bends by rising slowly
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ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืœืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืžื•ื“ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:40
and taking breaks along the way, called decompression stops,
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ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
02:45
so the gas has time to diffuse back out of their tissues
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื’ื– ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:48
and to be released through their breath.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
02:51
Just as a diver needs decompression,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
02:53
for a fish to recover, it needs recompression,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื’ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืขืœืืช ืœื—ืฅ,
02:56
which can be accomplished by putting it back in the sea.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœื™ื.
02:59
But that doesn't mean that fish should just be tossed overboard.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ืจืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
03:02
An inflated body will float
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ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ื•ืคื— ื™ืฆื•ืฃ
03:04
and get scooped up by a hungry sea lion or pecked at by seagulls.
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ื•ื™ืืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื ืจืขื‘ ืื• ื™ื ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืคื™ื.
03:09
There's a common myth
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื ืคื•ืฅ
03:10
that piercing its stomach with a needle will let air escape,
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ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžื—ื˜ ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—,
03:14
allowing the fish to swim back down on its own.
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ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื’ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
03:17
But that is one balloon that shouldn't be popped.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ.
03:19
To return a fish properly to its habitat,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื’ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:22
fisherman can use a descending device instead
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืžื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื
03:25
to lower it on a fishing line and release it at the right depth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
03:29
As it heads home and recompression reduces gas volume,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ื’ื–,
03:32
its eyes can return to their sockets and heal,
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืจืคืื•,
03:35
and its stomach can move back into place.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื”.
03:38
This fish will live to see another day,
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ,
03:41
once more free to swim, eat, reproduce and replenish the population.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช, ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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