Blood, concrete, and dynamite: Building the Hoover Dam - Alex Gendler

994,272 views ใƒป 2021-12-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
High above the floor of Nevadaโ€™s Black Canyon,
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ืื“ื”,
00:09
a group of men repelled down the cliff face.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืœืฉืœืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื•ืง.
00:12
Suddenly, a man stumbled over the canyon rim.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื™ืฉ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
00:16
He plummeted past the men, too fast for them to grabโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื ื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื”ืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื• --
00:19
when another climber swung out from the rocks
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ื›ืฉืžื˜ืคืก ืื—ืจ ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ืžื”ืกืœืขื™ื
00:22
and carried him to safety.
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ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
00:24
Once theyโ€™d repelled the engineer up the cliff,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืง,
00:26
his savior swung back to business as usualโ€”
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ืฉืœื• ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ --
00:30
just another day in the construction of the Hoover Dam.
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ืจืง ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื›ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ.
00:33
In the early 20th century,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
00:35
the United States had expanded from coast to coast,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
00:38
but many cities in the arid southwest still lacked reliable water sources.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆื—ื™ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื
00:43
While the Colorado River had been diverted into a series of canals,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช,
00:47
its erratic flow and frequent floods made it unreliable for agriculture.
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
00:53
At the same time, the regionโ€™s growing cities and industries
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช
00:56
continually needed more energy.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:59
So in 1922, the Bureau of Reclamation decided to solve all these problems
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ืื– ื‘ 1922, ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:05
in one fell swoop by building a massive hydroelectric dam.
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ื‘ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื›ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:09
Ensuring water rights for the project required unprecedented cooperation
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™
01:14
between all seven states along the river.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ.
01:17
But once local governments agreed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•,
01:19
the Bureau determined that Black Canyonโ€™s narrow gorge was best suited
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืงื™ืง ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื
01:23
for an arch-gravity dam.
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ืœืกื›ืจ ืงืฉืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
01:26
This design curves upstream,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืขืงืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื,
01:28
using the force of oncoming water to push the structure into its supportsโ€”
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื• --
01:33
in this case, the canyon walls.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:35
Arch dams have been built since ancient times,
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ืกื›ืจื™ ืงืฉืช ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:37
but never on such a massive scale.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื–ื”.
01:40
When complete, the structure would be 221 by 379 meters.
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฉืœื, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 221 ืขืœ 379 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:47
It would take an enormous labor force to build a dam this massive.
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ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื›ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:50
And when the Great Depression struck only a year after the projectโ€™s approval,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื’ืข ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜,
01:55
thousands of families looking for work began flocking to the site.
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ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ืจ ืœืืชืจ.
01:59
The earliest arrivals lived in a makeshift encampment called Ragtown.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืจืื’ื˜ืื•ืŸ.
02:04
With no infrastructure, scarce supplies, and little protection from the elements,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคืงื” ื“ืœื”, ื•ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:09
several residents died of heatstroke.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืชื• ืžืžื›ืช ื—ื•ื.
02:12
So to better house workers,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:14
the government designed and built the still thriving Boulder City,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื™ื›ื ื ื” ื•ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื“ืจ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช,
02:18
complete with numerous amenities, including a state-of-the-art hospital.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ.
02:22
Before construction on the dam could begin,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื›ืจ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ,
02:25
the entire river had to be rerouted.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื˜.
02:27
Building these diversion tunnels required blasting into each side of the canyon
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื” ื”ืืœื• ื“ืจืฉื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ
02:32
to create 17 meter tall tubes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 17 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:36
With a combined length of almost 5 kilometers,
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ืขื ืื•ืจืš ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:38
these tunnels could divert roughly 5,600 cubic meters of water per second.
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ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš 5,600 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:45
However, workers faced grueling conditions to finish these on time,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
02:49
and dozens succumbed to the scorching heat.
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ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ืคืœื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜.
02:52
By the fall of 1932, the river had been successfully redirected.
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ืขื“ ืกืชื™ื• 1932, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:56
But the most dangerous work was still ahead.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื.
02:59
Over 1 million cubic meters of loose rock needed to be cleared
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื ื™ื
03:03
from the canyon walls.
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ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:05
So foremen brought in high scalers who descended the cliffs on ropes,
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ืื– ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื,
03:10
removing rubble with jackhammers and dynamite.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืคืกื•ืœืช ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜.
03:13
From circus acrobats and former sailors, to local Apache,
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ืžืคืขืœื•ืœื ื™ ืงืจืงืก ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืคืฆโ€™ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
03:17
these death-defying individuals performed some of the most dangerousโ€”
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื™ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
03:21
and glamorousโ€” work on site.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ.
03:24
After the walls were cleared, it was finally time to build the dam.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืจ.
03:28
This required pouring over 6.6 million tons of concreteโ€”
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ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 6.6 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ --
03:33
enough to pave a road across the entire US.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:37
But so much concrete poured at once would take far too long to cool and harden.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืง ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช.
03:42
So to speed this process up,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
03:44
concrete was poured in interlocking blocks of varying sizes,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคืš ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:48
each containing steel pipes flowing with cold water.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืœื“ื” ื‘ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.
03:52
By 1935, most of the structure had been completed two years ahead of schedule.
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ืขื“ 1935, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“.
03:58
On February 1st, the diversion tunnels opened to fill the damโ€™s reservoir,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื” ื ืกื’ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืกื›ืจ,
04:03
capable of holding twice the Colorado Riverโ€™s annual flow.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•.
04:08
Upon completion, the dam was the tallest manmade structure in the world.
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ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืชื•, ื”ืกื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:13
However, the speed of its construction came at the cost of worker safety.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
04:18
While this project employed roughly 21,000 Americans during a major economic crisis,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขืกื™ืง ื‘ืขืจืš 21,000 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:24
over 100 people died during construction.
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ืžืขืœ 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื•.
04:27
Creating the reservoir also destroyed communities like St. Thomas
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืจืกื” ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื˜. ืชื•ืžืืก
04:31
and devastated the Colorado River ecosystem.
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ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•.
04:34
Today, the Hoover Dam generates over 4 billion kilowatt-hours annually,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื›ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช,
04:39
providing electricity for over 1.3 million people.
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ืžืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1.3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:43
But the consequences of its construction continue to cast a shadow
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืฆืœ
04:47
over this monumental structure.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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