The Greek myth of Demeter's revenge - Iseult Gillespie

652,509 views ใƒป 2024-03-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Mestra, Princess of Thessaly, was far from home.
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ืžืกื˜ืจื”, ื ืกื™ื›ืช ืชืกืœื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช.
00:11
She had watched her father, King Erysichthon,
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืคืชื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืžืœืš ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:14
plunge into a ruin of his own making.
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ืฉื•ืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
00:18
Now, to save himself, he sold his own daughter to the highest bidder.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ.
00:24
But Mestra refused to accept this fate.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื˜ืจื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื–ื”.
00:28
Finding herself momentarily alone, she began to plan her escape.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ืœืจื’ืข, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื”.
00:34
Months earlier, Erysichthon had decided to build himself a gleaming new hall,
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืฆืฅ,
00:40
declaring that only the finest wood would suffice.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจืง ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืกืคืง.
00:44
The king was well known for spurning the gods,
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืืœื™ื,
00:47
as he was more interested in honoring himself.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
00:51
But in an unprecedented act of disrespect,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
00:55
he marched his men into the sacred grove of Demeter,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขื™ื“ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ,
00:59
goddess of food and agriculture.
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ืืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:02
Ignoring the prayer offerings that hung from the trees,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืชืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
01:05
Erysichthon headed straight for the most magnificent oak.
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ืคื ื” ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:11
As he swung his axe, the tree trembled and turned pale.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืขืฅ ืจืขื“ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:16
Blood gushed from the wound, and a strangled cry rung out.
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ื“ื ื ืฉืคืš ืžื”ืคืฆืข, ื•ืฆืขืงื” ื—ื ื•ืงื” ื ืฉืžืขื”.
01:22
It was the voice of one of Demeterโ€™s wood nymphs who resided in the tree.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื ื™ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืขืฅ.
01:27
With her last breaths, she called out to her patron for revenge.
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ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื ืงืžื”.
01:32
Erysichthon, though, was unfazed.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“.
01:36
He decimated the rest of the forest and dragged the wood back to his palace.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืก ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื’ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืžื•ื ื•.
01:41
Upon learning of the loss and destruction,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืจืก,
01:44
Demeter quaked the earth with her anger.
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ื“ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ืขืกื”.
01:47
Swiftly, she ordered a mountain nymph to go and enlist the help
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื ื™ืžืคืช ื”ืจื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื”
01:52
of another fearsome goddess.
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ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืœื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:55
In a dragon-drawn chariot,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืจืชื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ,
01:57
the mountain nymph soared over barren lands and icy seas.
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ื ื™ืžืคืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื ืงื” ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
02:02
At last, she reached the remote lair of Hunger, goddess of famine.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื‘, ืืœืช ื”ืจืขื‘.
02:08
She found her picking through weeds with her rotten nails and teeth,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ื˜ืคืช ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืงื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
02:13
clutching her hollow stomach and twisting her knotted limbs.
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ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:18
Not daring to come too close,
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ื”ื ื™ืžืคื” ืœื ื”ืขื–ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:20
the nymph called for Hunger and shared Demeterโ€™s vengeful plan.
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ืงืจืื” ืœืจืขื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืงืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ.
02:26
Hunger usually kept to her lairโ€” but she relished this gruesome mission.
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ื”ืจืขื‘ ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืื•ืจืชื” - ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:32
Under the cover of night, she crept into the palace
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ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื” ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ
02:36
and released her famished breath into the sleeping king.
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื” ื”ืžื•ืจืขื‘ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.
02:41
Erysichthon immediately began to dream of a lavish feast,
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ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช,
02:46
gulping air and grinding his teeth.
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ื‘ืœืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื—ืจืง ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื•.
02:50
He awoke to a ravenous hunger, which only seemed to increase as he ate.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืจืขื‘ ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื›ืœ.
02:56
As Mestra looked on in horror,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ืžื”,
02:59
her father devoured all the food in the palace,
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ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ,
03:03
before calling for the cityโ€™s crops and goods.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงืจื ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
03:07
But no matter how many feasts he devoured, he felt empty and weak.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื›ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืง ื•ื—ืœืฉ.
03:12
Before long, Erysichthon had sold his entire estate for foodโ€”
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ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžื›ืจ ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื•ื–ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ -
03:17
with only Mestra left by his side.
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ื›ืฉืจืง ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืชืจืช ืœืฆื™ื“ื•.
03:20
But not even his loyal daughter could escape the depths of his greed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื• ื”ื ืืžื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•,
03:25
and he shamelessly sold her into slavery.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
03:28
As she set sail with her captor, Mestra stared at the sea.
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื.
03:33
This wasnโ€™t the first time sheโ€™d suffered at the hands of menโ€”
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื -
03:38
years before, sheโ€™d been violently pursued and assaulted by the god Poseidon.
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ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื” ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
03:44
Now, she demanded his help.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื•.
03:47
As an act of repentance,
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ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
03:49
Poseidon granted her the power to change her shape at will.
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ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื”.
03:54
With this, Mestra immediately transformed into a fisherman.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ื™ื’.
03:58
And distracting her captor with a bounty of fish, she escaped.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื”.
04:03
For the first time, Mestra was in control,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
04:08
able to freely adapt and slip away from any situation.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘.
04:12
But she felt compelled to return to her tortured father.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื ื”.
04:17
However, when Erysichthon discovered Mestraโ€™s new powers,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื˜ืจื”,
04:22
he only saw an opportunity for himself.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืจืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•.
04:26
He exploited his talented daughter, selling her again and again for food.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช, ื•ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
04:32
Each time, she gracefully transformed herselfโ€”
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื•ืช -
04:36
morphing into a swift-footed mare, a soaring bird, or an elusive deer
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื•ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืคืช ืื• ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืžืงืžืง
04:42
to steal more meals while evading capture.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
04:46
But as her father continued to sell her at higher and higher prices,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:50
Mestra was left with little hope.
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ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:54
One day, when arriving home in one of her many forms,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:58
Mestra entered the hollow palace only to discover the kingโ€™s lifeless bodyโ€”
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ืžืกื˜ืจื” ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื—ืกืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš -
05:04
Erysichthonโ€™s hunger had grown so great that he had consumed his own limbs.
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ืจืขื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื™ื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
05:11
Gazing upon her wasted father, Mestraโ€™s hope returned.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืœ ืชืงื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื”.
05:17
She was no longer unfairly burdened with the wrath of the gods
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื–ืขื ื”ืืœื™ื
05:21
that the king had courted.
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ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื—ื™ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
05:24
Untethered from her fatherโ€™s selfish agenda
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”
05:27
and buoyed by her ability to transform herself at will,
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ื•ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื”,
05:32
Mestra was finally free.
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ืžืกื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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