What killed all the bison? - Andrew C. Isenberg

306,828 views ใƒป 2023-11-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
It was 1861, and Lone Bear was leading Eagle Plume on his first-ever hunt.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1861, ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืื™ื’ืœ ืคืœื•ื (ื ื•ืฆืช ื ืฉืจ)
00:12
He paused and told Eagle Plume the rules:
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ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื™ ืคืขื. ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืื™ื’ืœ ืคืœื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื:
00:15
once he saw the bison herd, he needed to wait until someone older signaled;
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืขื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืื•ืชืช;
00:20
and when it came time, to kill only what his horse could carry.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืกื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช.
00:25
Lone Bear advanced, then beckoned, and suddenly they were off.
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชืงื“ื, ื•ืื– ื ื—ืกื, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื•.
00:30
Eagle Plume and Lone Bear were Kiowa,
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ืื™ื’ืœ ืคืœื•ื ื•ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื•ื•ื”,
00:33
which was one of several Indigenous groups that lived on the Great Plains.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:37
By the mid-1700s, many Plains nations were using horses
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 18, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื
00:42
to hunt the areaโ€™s plentiful bison, North Americaโ€™s largest land mammals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:47
They survived on bison meat,
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ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
00:49
made the bisonโ€™s summer hides into lodges, and winter coats into blankets,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืชื•ืช, ื•ืืช ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช,
00:54
and used bison bones and horns for tools and sinew as thread.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:00
But in the decades to come, millions of bison will be slaughtered,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื—ื•,
01:04
and the Plains societiesโ€™ survival and cultures fundamentallyโ€”
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ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ --
01:08
and deliberatelyโ€” threatened.
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ื•ืื•ื™ืžื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
01:11
After the American Civil War,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:13
thousands of US settlers began occupying the Plains,
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
01:16
intent on exploiting its natural resources.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
01:19
During the 1860s, Plains nations pushed back against the US military.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”โ€œื‘.
01:24
William Sherman resented the armyโ€™s defeats.
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ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉืจืžืŸ ื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื.
ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช
01:27
His ruthless military tactics had recently helped end the American Civil War.
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01:32
And, in 1869, he was appointed the US Armyโ€™s Commanding General.
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:37
Now, his focus was on what he called โ€œthe Indian problem.โ€
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” โ€œื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืชโ€œ.
01:42
US government officials were determined to force Native American people
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
01:46
into designated areas they called reservations.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช..
01:49
This way, they could control Indigenous people
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
01:52
while US settlers and companies profited off their land.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžืื“ืžืชื.
01:56
Sherman pledged to stay out west, in his words,
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ืฉืจืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•,
01:59
โ€œtill the Indians are all killed or taken to a country where they can be watched.โ€
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โ€œืขื“ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื• ื™ื™ืœืงื—ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืโ€œ.
02:05
Meanwhile, the demand for leather,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ืจ,
02:07
like the kind used for belting to connect industrial machinery, boomed.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช,ืฉื’ืฉื’.
02:12
To meet the demand, US hunters armed with rifles
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
02:15
killed bison all across the Plains.
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ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:18
Sherman and other military officials
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ืฉืจืžืŸ ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:21
realized they could meet their goal passively,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™,
02:24
by letting this lurching industrial economy run unchecked.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
02:28
Their idea was that, if hunters depleted the bison,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
02:31
Plains Indigenous peoples would be starved into submission.
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ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืจืขื‘ื• ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืขื”.
02:36
One US colonel told a visiting British lieutenant,
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ,
02:39
โ€œKill every buffalo you can! Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone.โ€
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โ€œืชื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืœ ื‘ืืคืœื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ! ื›ืœ ื‘ืืคืœื• ืžืช ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ ืฉื ืขืœืโ€œ.
02:46
The US military refused to enforce treaties that barred civilian hunters
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ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
02:50
from tribal territory,
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ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜,
02:52
and it sometimes provided hunters with protection and ammunition.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืกื™ืคืง ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช.
02:57
Many hide hunters killed 50 bison a day.
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ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• 50 ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:00
During a two-month span in 1876,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1876,
03:04
one hunter killed 5,855 bison,
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ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื’ 5,855 ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื,
03:08
the near-constant firing of his rifle leaving him deaf in one ear.
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ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืื—ืช.
03:13
Some of the bison the hunters shot wandered away and died.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื“ื• ื•ืžืชื•.
03:16
Commonly, the hunters would only retrieve the bison's hides and tongues,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
03:21
leaving the rest to rot.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืงื‘.
03:23
Inexperienced skinners destroyed hides as they flayed them.
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ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืกื• ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื˜ื• ืื•ืชื.
03:27
And bison carcasses that were left were torn to pieces by other animals.
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ื•ืคื’ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื ืงืจืขื• ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:31
So hunters began lacing bison meat with poison
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ืื– ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืœ
03:35
so they could also collect wolf pelts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื–ืื‘.
03:38
Native American people protested,
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ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•,
03:40
and humanitarian and animal rights groups tried to intervene
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘
03:43
as the bison population plummeted.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื ืคืœื”.
03:46
Legislation that would make bison hunting illegal in federal territories
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ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฆื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ื
03:50
even passed Congress in 1874โ€” but the US President vetoed it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874 - ืืš ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•.
03:55
After all, the sordid strategy was working:
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื–ื•ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ื”:
03:58
many Plains nations faced starvation and were being forced onto reservations.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืจืขื‘ ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
04:04
Back in 1800, tens of millions of bison swept the Great Plains.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1800 ืกื—ืคื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:08
By 1900, there were fewer than 1,000 in existence.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1900 ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืœืฃ.
04:12
Some wealthy US citizens created bison preserves which helped save the species.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
04:17
But the preserves functioned mainly as tourist attractions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืชืคืงื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:21
and some of them carved even more land off Native American reservations.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœืงื—ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
04:26
As of 2021, the bison population had grown to around 500,000.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2021, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื› -500,000.
04:31
A vast majority live on private ranches.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:34
In recent years, Plains nations have reintroduced some 20,000 bison
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื› -20,000 ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื
04:39
to tribal lands.
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ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:40
They aim to heal and restore the relationship
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืจืคื ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ
04:43
that was so flagrantly attacked during the bison slaughter.
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ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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