No one can figure out how eels have sex - Lucy Cooke

2,591,496 views ใƒป 2020-07-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
From Ancient Greece to the 20th century,
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ืžื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขื“ ืœืžืื” ื”20,
00:10
Aristotle, Sigmund Freud, and numerous other scholars
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:14
were all looking for the same thing:
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:
00:17
eel testicles.
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ืืฉื›ื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื.
00:19
Freshwater eels, or Anguilla Anguilla, could be found in rivers across Europe,
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ืื• ืื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ืื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:25
but no one had ever seen them mate.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื.
00:28
And despite countless dissections,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
00:31
no researcher could find eel eggs or identify their reproductive organs.
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ืืฃ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืœื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืื• ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:37
Devoid of data, naturalists proposed various eel origin stories.
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ืœืœื ืžื™ื“ืข, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื.
00:43
Aristotle suggested that eels spontaneously emerged from mud.
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืฅ.
00:48
Pliny the Elder argued eels rubbed themselves against rocks,
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ืคืœื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืกืœืขื™ื,
00:53
and the subsequent scrapings came to life.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:57
Eels were said to hatch on rooftops, manifest from the gills of other fish,
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช, ืžืชื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:02
and even emerge from the bodies of beetles.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:06
But the true story of eel reproduction is even more difficult to imagine.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
01:12
And to solve this slippery mystery,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืœืงืœืงื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:15
scholars would have to rethink centuries of research.
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ.
01:19
Today, we know the freshwater eel lifecycle has five distinct stages:
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื:
01:25
larval leptocepheli, miniscule glass eels, adolescent elvers,
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ืœืคื˜ื•ืกืคืœื™ ื–ื—ืœื™, ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
01:32
older yellow eels, and adult silver eels.
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื›ืกื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
01:37
Given the radical physical differences between these phases,
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ื‘ื”ื ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:41
youโ€™d be forgiven for assuming these are different animals.
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ื™ืกืœื— ืœื›ื ืื ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืืœื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:45
In fact, thatโ€™s exactly what European naturalists thought.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
01:49
Researchers were aware of leptocepheli and glass eels,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืœืคื˜ื•ืกืคืœื™ ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
01:54
but no one guessed they were related to the elvers and yellow eels
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ื™ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:58
living hundreds of kilometers upstream.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื.
02:01
Confusing matters more, eels donโ€™t develop sex organs until late in life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืœื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:06
And the entirety of their time in the rivers of Europe
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
02:09
is essentially eel adolescence.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื.
02:12
So when do eels reproduce, and where do they do it?
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ืื– ืžืชื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
02:17
Despite its name, the life of a freshwater eel actually begins
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
02:23
in the salty waters of the Bermuda Triangle.
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”.
02:26
At the height of the annual cyclone season,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ืงืœื•ื ื™ื,
02:29
thousands of three-millimeter eel larvae
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ืืœืคื™ ื–ื—ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ
02:32
drift out of the Sargasso Sea.
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ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืœื™ื ืกืจื’ืกื•.
02:34
From here, they follow migration paths to North America and Europeโ€”
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ืžืฉื, ื”ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื” --
02:39
continents that were much closer
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ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:41
when eels established these routes 40 million years ago.
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ื›ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
02:46
Over the next 300 days, Anguilla Anguilla larvae ride the ocean currents
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 300 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื–ื—ืœื™ ืื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ืื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:52
6,500 km to the coast of Europeโ€”
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6,500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” --
02:56
making one of the longest known marine migrations.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
By the time they arrive, theyโ€™ve grown approximately 45 mm,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื•, ื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš 45 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ,
03:05
and transformed into semi-transparent glass eels.
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
03:09
Itโ€™s not just their appearance thatโ€™s changed.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”.
03:12
If most marine fish entered brackish coastal waters,
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ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื—ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื,
03:16
their cells would swell with freshwater in a lethal explosion.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
03:21
But when glass eels reach the coast,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
03:23
their kidneys shift to retain more salt
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื—
03:26
and maintain their bloodโ€™s salinity levels.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืžืช ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:29
Swarms of these newly freshwater fish migrate up streams and rivers,
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ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื,
03:34
sometimes piling on top of each other to clear obstacles and predators.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืขืจืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:39
Those that make it upstream develop into opaque elvers.
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ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
03:44
Having finally arrived in their hunting grounds,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:47
elvers begin to eat everything they can fit into their mouths.
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื”ื.
03:51
These omnivores grow in proportion to their diets,
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:55
and over the next decade they develop into larger yellow eels.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:59
In this stage, they grow to be roughly 80 cm,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 80 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
04:04
and finally develop sexual organs.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื”.
04:07
But the last phase of eel lifeโ€” and the secret of their reproductionโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— -- ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื --
04:13
remains mysterious.
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ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื.
04:15
In 1896, researchers identified leptocepheli as larval eels,
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ื‘ 1896, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืกืคืœื™ ื›ื–ื—ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื,
04:21
and deduced that they had come to Europe from somewhere in the Atlantic.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
04:26
However, to find this mysterious breeding ground,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:29
someone would have to perform an unthinkable survey of the ocean
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:32
for larvae no larger than 30mm.
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ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
04:36
Enter Johannes Schmidt.
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ืคื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜.
04:39
For the next 18 years, this Danish oceanographer
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื“ื ื™
04:42
trawled the coasts of four continents,
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ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
04:45
hunting down increasingly tiny leptocepheli.
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ืฆื“ ืœืคื˜ื•ืกืคืœื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:49
Finally, in 1921, he found the smallest larvae yet,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ 1921, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื›ื”,
04:53
on the southern edge of the Sargasso Sea.
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ืกืจื’ืกื•.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:58
Despite knowledge of their round trip migration,
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05:00
scientists still havenโ€™t observed mating in the wild,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
05:04
or found a single eel egg.
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ืื• ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆืช ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”.
05:06
Leading theories suggest that eels reproduce
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื
05:09
in a flurry of external fertilization,
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ื‘ืกืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
05:12
in which clouds of sperm fertilize free-floating eggs.
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ื‘ื” ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจืข ืžืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืฆืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
05:17
But the powerful currents and tangling seaweed of the Sargasso Sea
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชืœืคืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื ืกืจื’ืกื•
05:21
have made this theory difficult to confirm.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืžื•ืช.
05:24
Researchers donโ€™t even know where to look,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืœื—ืคืฉ,
05:27
since theyโ€™ve yet to successfully track an eel
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
05:29
over the course of its return migration.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืจืชื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
05:32
Until these challenges can be met,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืขื•,
05:34
the eelโ€™s ancient secret will continue to slip through our fingers.
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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