The surprising reason zebras have stripes - Cella Wright

465,261 views ใƒป 2024-09-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
When an English aristocrat rode through London in a zebra-drawn carriage,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ืื ื’ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื›ืจื” ืจืชื•ืžื” ืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช,
00:12
he embodied a dream decades in the making,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช,
00:15
borne from European efforts to dominate the African continent.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:20
But 19th century European colonists faced big problems
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ืืš ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื” -19 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
00:24
as they tried to control the sprawling African territories theyโ€™d claimed,
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ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืคื—ื•,
00:29
one of which was biting flies.
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื.
00:32
These pests could extract half a liter of horse blood daily
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ื—ืฆื™ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื
00:37
while transmitting fatal diseases that devastated domestic horses,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืกื• ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
00:41
leaving colonial powers reliant on thousands of humans to transport goods.
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ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
00:48
Zebras, however, appeared immune to the same pitfalls as horses.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืจืื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืกื™ื.
00:53
The German Empire deemed them โ€œpredestined for the use of military needs,โ€
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื "ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื",
00:59
and undertook the task of domesticating them.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
01:02
Around 1900, former German colonial army officer Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorff
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1900 ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
ืคืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
01:09
placed himself at the missionโ€™s helm.
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01:12
But he severely underestimated the project.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ืœื–ืœ ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
01:15
And soon enough,
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ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”,
01:16
the question of why domesticating zebras was proving so difficult
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
01:21
joined another longstanding mystery:
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคืช:
01:24
namely, why zebras had such conspicuously striped coatsโ€”
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืกืคืกื•ืช ื›ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช -
01:29
a matter that perplexed prominent scientistsโ€”
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื -
01:32
and went on to fuel decades of debate.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื“ืœืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
01:35
To understand zebrasโ€™ more distinctive qualities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช,
01:38
we should start with the big picture.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:41
Zebras belong to the same family as horses and donkeys.
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ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.
01:45
After their lineage entered Africa,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืฉืœืชื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:48
they evolved into the three zebra species that exist today,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:52
living in social herds in eastern and southern Africa,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:56
grazing on grasses and evading fierce predators.
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ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขื–ื™ื.
02:00
Scientists have speculated extensively about zebra striping,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืกื™ ื–ื‘ืจื”,
02:04
but not all theories have held up.
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ืืš ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“.
02:07
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:08
the hypothesis that striping has a social function seems unlikely because,
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœืคืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™,
02:13
while every zebra does have unique patterning,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื–ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืก ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™,
02:16
other equids have no trouble identifying individuals in their herd without it.
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ืกื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื.
02:22
Some have theorized that the pattern helps zebras stay cool in direct sunlight,
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ื—ืœืงื ื”ืขืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจ,
02:27
with the heat differential between their black and white stripes
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ืขื ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:31
generating cooling air currents.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืงืจืจื™ื.
02:34
But when scientists tracked the air movements around sunlit zebra hides,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
02:39
they saw no such effect.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื–ื•.
02:41
Many have also wondered if the patterning works as camouflage
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื”ื• ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”
02:45
or somehow confuses or dazzles predatorsโ€”
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ืื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื• ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื -
02:48
perhaps evoking a tangle of tree trunks
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืกื‘ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื
02:51
or creating uncertainty around where the zebraโ€™s body starts and ends.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื”.
02:56
But hyenas and lions probably see zebras as gray until they're in close range,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืจื•ื‘,
03:02
where they can also hear and smell them.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:05
Lions can likely also identify their outlines just as easily as they can
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจืฃ ืื—ืจ,
03:10
other, less flamboyantly patterned prey.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘.
03:13
And given how frequently lions capture zebras,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:17
it doesn't seem like they're all that confused.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
03:20
One hypothesis that does pack a lot of promise
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ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืจื‘ื”
03:23
concerns those biting flies that horses couldnโ€™t handle.
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ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืกื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื.
03:27
Zebras have shorter hair than other grazers in their regions,
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ืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
03:31
possibly making them more vulnerable to the fliesโ€™ probing proboscises.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:36
So, perhaps striping somehow acts protectively.
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ืื–, ืื•ืœื™ ืคืกื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ื ื ืช.
03:40
Testing this hypothesis,
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ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื•,
03:42
one experiment found that a certain kind of biting fly
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืš
03:45
avoided horses covered in striped and checked rugs,
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ื ืžื ืข ืžืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื™ื,
03:50
compared to those in solid grey.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื” ื‘ืืคื•ืจ ืžืœื.
03:53
Another documented biting flies circling horses, zebras,
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ืื—ืจ ืชื™ืขื“ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:57
and horses clad in zebra print equallyโ€”
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ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืคืก ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” -
04:01
but landing on zebra-y areas only about a quarter as much.
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ืืš ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ื‘ืจื” ืจืง ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื.
04:06
Biting flies also generally approached zebras at higher speeds
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:11
and didn't decelerate as usual,
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ื•ืœื ื”ืื˜ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:14
causing clumsy overshoots and crash landings.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืคืกืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช.
04:18
It seems that zebra stripesโ€” and other graphic patternsโ€”
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืคืกื™ ื–ื‘ืจื” -ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื -
04:22
interfere with how biting flies process visual information
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ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™
04:26
to position themselves when landing,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”,
04:28
limiting their blood-sucking and disease-transmitting opportunities.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:33
But zebras aren't just good at keeping biting flies off their backs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ืŸ.
04:37
Around 1900, Bronsart founded an experimental ranch near Mount Kilimanjaro
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1900 ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืœื™ืžื ื’'ืจื•
04:43
to capture and cross-breed zebras with other equids.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:47
Things didnโ€™t go as plannedโ€”
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ -
04:48
in part because zebras have a robust set of defensive fight and flight adaptations.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช.
04:55
Most are capable of running within an hour of birth,
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื” ืžื”ืœื™ื“ื”,
04:58
and theyโ€™re equipped with fierce bites and kicks strong enough to kill a lion.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืจื™ื”.
05:04
Bronsartโ€™s operation was also unprepared to meet zebrasโ€™ needs.
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ื’ื ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช.
05:08
Those Bronsart did gather, which he paid Indigenous people to wrangle,
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ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ืื›ืŸ ืืกืฃ, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ,
05:12
couldnโ€™t produce enough milk for their calves.
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืœื‘ ืœืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:15
Within a single year, Bronsart had burned through a five year budget
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
05:19
and dozens of the zebras he held in captivity were dead.
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ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ื–ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืชื•.
05:24
Attempts at zebra domestication had failed miserably,
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืจื” ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืœืœื”,
05:27
leaving those rare instances of zebra taming largely to black-and-white history.
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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