Solving the puzzle of the periodic table - Eric Rosado

1,129,349 views ใƒป 2012-12-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
Our Earth is a collection of puzzle pieces that make up the universe.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:17
In the vast darkness of space,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
00:19
the universe is lit by stars,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:21
which could one day become a supernova
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
00:23
and create all the puzzle pieces that we know today
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:25
as the elements.
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:27
All elements were formed and released
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•
00:29
into space by exploding stars.
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ืœื—ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื.
00:31
For centuries, humans have tried to discover
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
00:33
what makes up the world around them.
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ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
00:34
Little did they know that all the pieces they needed
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
00:37
were right under their noses.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื.
00:39
The discovery of these pieces revolutionized
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื•
00:40
our understanding of the world
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:42
and allowed for the creation of what might be
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™
00:44
the greatest gift to science:
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ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข:
00:45
the periodic table.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
00:47
So, where are these elements,
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ืื–, ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:49
and how do we find a means to order them?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื?
00:52
Well, believe it or not,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
00:53
ancient civilizations were very much aware
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:55
of many elements around them,
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
00:57
but they did not identify them as the pieces of our universe.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:00
Elements like gold, silver, and copper
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืช
01:02
were easily spotted by ancient cultures,
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
01:04
and were used for multiple purposes like jewelry and tools.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื.
01:07
Why were these elements spotted so easily?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื–ื•ื”ื• ื›ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช?
01:10
Think of the periodic table as a puzzle.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืคืื–ืœ.
01:12
The corner pieces are edges of a puzzle,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืื–ืœ,
01:14
are generally the easiest to find and place
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื” ื•ืœืžื™ืงื•ื
01:16
because they stand out with their smooth edges,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:18
and clearly don't interlock with other puzzle pieces.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื–ืœ.
01:21
Like puzzle pieces, elements can be choosy on who they interact with.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืื–ืœ, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
01:25
Some like to react with other elements,
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ื—ืœืงื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:27
while others do not.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื.
01:29
The elements that do not interact with other elements are easy to pin-point,
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™,
01:32
while the ones who like to interact with others are difficult to find.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื”.
01:35
Gold, silver, and copper are some of the choosier elements
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ื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืžื”ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
01:39
so we can find them easier.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
01:41
So let's fast forward to the late 1600's
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 17
01:43
where Hennig Brand, a German alchemist,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ื’ ื‘ืจืื ื“, ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™,
01:46
was busy working in his laboratory.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:47
Like many other alchemists of his time,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
01:49
Brand was trying to extract gold from the human body.
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ื‘ืจืื ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:52
Brand hit upon what he thought was the most obvious answer to his problem:
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ื‘ืจืื ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”:
01:56
urine.
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ืฉืชืŸ.
01:58
Urine is gold in coloration and could perhaps have gold in it.
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ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
02:01
So, Brand collected as much urine as he possibly could,
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ืื– ื‘ืจืื ื“ ืืกืฃ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ืœ,
02:04
much of it being his own,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื•,
02:06
then he decided to boil it down in hopes of obtaining gold.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ื”ื‘.
02:09
So Brand boiled his, well, urine,
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ืื– ื‘ืจืื ื“ ื”ืจืชื™ื— ืืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœื•,
02:12
down until he collected a paste
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืžืฉื—ื”
02:13
and heated the paste to a very high temperature.
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ื•ื—ื™ืžื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ื” ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
02:16
Eventually smoke appeared
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืฉืŸ
02:17
and the material burned brightly and violently.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช.
02:20
Brand had unknowingly isolated phosphorous from his urine.
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ื‘ืจืื ื“ ืžื™ืฆื” ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœื•.
02:23
It was the first time anyone had discovered an element,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ื™ืกื•ื“,
02:26
but he didn't really understand what he had done.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
02:28
At the time of Brand, the concept of element had not been discovered.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื ื“, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื”.
02:32
Instead ancient Greek principles of objects being composed of
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
02:34
earth,
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ืžืื“ืžื”,
02:35
water,
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ืžื™ื,
02:36
air,
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02:36
and fire
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ืื•ื™ืจ,
ื•ืืฉ
02:37
were predominant.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜.
02:39
It wasn't until the work of Antoine Lavoisier,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื”,
02:41
who is now known as the father of chemistry,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
02:43
that science defined what an element was.
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ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“.
02:46
Lavoisier defined an element as a substance
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ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:48
that cannot be broken down by existing chemical means.
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ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
02:52
Lavoisier created a list of the known elements of his time
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ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
02:54
and tried to put the elements in some sort of order
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ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ
02:57
in which they could be classified,
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ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื,
02:58
such as gases or metals.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื–ื™ื ืื• ืžืชื›ื•ืช.
03:01
He was the first one to try to put the puzzle together.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ.
03:03
This was just the beginning of a means
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš
03:05
to organize the known elements of his time.
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
03:07
Many other chemists then came along to make the puzzle clearer.
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ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:10
One of them, John Dalton, weighed the elements
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉืงืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
03:13
and arranged the puzzle by weight.
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ื•ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
03:15
German chemist Wolfgang Dรถbereiner later combined elements
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ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
03:18
to see how they reacted with one another.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:21
What he found was that certain elements shared similar properties and reactions.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
03:24
For example, when pure lithium, sodium, and potassium
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ
03:28
are exposed to water,
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ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื™ื,
03:30
they will react violently
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
03:31
and skid across the surface of the water with sparks.
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ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ืงื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:34
The scientists then realized that these similiarities
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื– ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
03:36
are no coincidence:
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืงืจื”:
03:37
elements belong to families that share similar properties.
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
03:41
But the chemist who finally put the puzzle together is Dmitri Mendeleev.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘.
03:45
He created cards of each known element and tried to order them
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื
03:47
based on atomic weight and their known properties.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:50
The story is that he stayed up 3 days and 3 nights,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ 3 ื™ืžื™ื ื• 3 ืœื™ืœื•ืช,
03:53
and he finally fell into a deep sleep
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื ื ืคืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
03:55
and he dreamed about a table to order the elements.
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ื•ื—ืœื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:57
Mendeleev was not only able to create the periodic table,
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ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:00
but he was able to predict elements that were not yet discovered.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื•.
04:03
The puzzle of the periodic table of the elements was solved.
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ื”ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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