What's hidden among the tallest trees on Earth? - Wendell Oshiro

814,817 views ใƒป 2014-08-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
Some people can't see the forest for the trees,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื,
00:12
but before Stephen Sillett, no one could see or even imagine the forest in the trees.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืœื˜, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื.
00:18
Stephen was an explorer of new worlds from the start.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:21
He spent his boyhood in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
00:24
reading Tolkien and playing Dungeons and Dragons with his brother Scott.
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ืงืจื ืืช ื˜ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืกืงื•ื˜.
00:28
But when the Sillett family visited their grandparent's cabin near Gettysburg,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื™ื“ ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’,
00:32
their grandmother Helen Poe Sillett,
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ืกื‘ืชื ื”ืœืŸ ืคื• ืกื™ืœื˜,
00:34
would take the boys into the nearby mountains and forests to bird-watch.
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ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:38
They called Grandma Sillett Poe,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืกื‘ืชื ืกื™ืœื˜ ืคื•,
00:40
and she taught the boys to identify songbirds, plants and even lichens,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื–ื–ื™ื•ืช,
00:44
creatures that often look like splotches of carpet glued to the shady sides of rocks and tree trunks.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื.
00:51
Looking upwards, both boys found their callings.
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ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:54
Scott became a research scientist specializing in migratory birds.
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ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
00:58
Stephen was more interested in the trees.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื.
01:01
The tangle of branches and leaves attracted his curiosity.
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ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:04
What could be hidden up there?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
01:06
By the time Stephen was in college, that curiosity pulled him skyward
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ืขื“ ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”, ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื”
01:10
to the tallest trees on Earth: the ancient coast redwoods of Northern California.
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ืœืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ: ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
01:16
Rising from trunks up to 20 feet in diameter,
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ืฉืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 6 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:18
redwoods can grow up to 380 feet, or 38 stories, over a 2,000 year lifetime.
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ืกืงื•ื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 130 ืžื˜ืจ, ืื• 38 ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:25
But no one had thought to investigate the crowns of these natural skyscrapers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
01:29
Were there more than just branches up there?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”?
01:32
Stephen decided to find out firsthand.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
01:34
In 1987, Stephen, his brother Scott and his friend Marwood
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ื‘ 1987, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื• ืกืงื•ื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืจื•ื•ื“
01:39
drove from Reed College in Oregon
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ื ืกืขื• ืžืžื›ืœืœืช ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ
01:41
to Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in Northern California.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื” ื ื—ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
01:45
Deep inside the park, Stephen picked the tallest redwood he could find.
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืืจืง, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
01:49
Its lowest branches were almost 100 feet up,
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ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 30 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:52
far beyond his reach.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
01:54
But he saw a younger, shorter redwood growing next to the target tree.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืกืงื•ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:59
With a running start, he leapt and grabbed the lowest branch,
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ืขื ืชื ื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ื•ืชืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:02
pulled himself up and scurried upwards.
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ืžืฉืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก.
02:05
He was free climbing without ropes or a harness,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืก ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ืจืชืžื”,
02:07
one misstep meant death.
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ืฆืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:10
But up he went, and when he reached the peak,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ื”,
02:12
he swayed and leapt across the gap of space onto a branch of the target tree
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ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื” ื•ืงืคืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืš ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:17
and into a world never seen before.
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
02:20
His buddy Marwood followed him up,
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืจื•ื•ื“ ืขืœื” ืื—ืจื™ื•,
02:21
and the two young men free climbed high into the redwood's crown.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื”.
02:25
Stephen came across lichens like Grandma Poe had shown him as a boy.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืื” ื—ื–ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืคื• ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื• ื›ื™ืœื“.
02:29
He noticed that the higher he went, the thicker the branches were,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื”, ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:33
not the case with most trees.
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ื”ืคื•ืš ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
02:35
He found moist mats of soil many inches thick,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:38
made from fallen needles, bark, other plant debris and dust from the sky
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื ืคื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื, ืงืœื™ืคื”, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื— ื•ืื‘ืง ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
02:43
piled on the tops of the large branches.
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ืฉื ืขืจืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:45
He even found reiterations:
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื ื—ื–ืจื•ืช:
02:47
new redwood tree trunks growing out from the main trunk.
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ื’ื–ืขื™ ืกืงื•ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™.
02:50
The redwood had cloned itself.
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ื”ืกืงื•ื™ื” ืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
02:53
When Stephen reached the pinnacle,
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ื›ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืžืจืช,
02:55
he rested on a platform of crisscrossing branches and needles.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื— ืขืœ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
02:58
Growing in the soil mat was a huckleberry bush with ripe berries!
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื’ื“ืœื• ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™ ืขื ืชื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื!
03:02
He ate some and waited for his friend.
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ื”ื•ื ืื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•.
03:05
Stephen had discovered a new world hundreds of feet above the ground.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:09
His climb led to more excursions, with safety equipment, thank goodness,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืกืขื•ืช, ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ,
03:14
up other ancient redwoods as he mapped and measured the architecture
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืกืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื™ืคื” ื•ืžื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
03:17
of branches and additional trunks in the canopy of an entire grove.
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ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
03:21
Stephen became an expert in the ecology of the tallest trees on Earth
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:25
and the rich diversity of life in their crowns, aerial ecosystems no one had imagined.
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืจื•ืช, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
03:31
There are ferns, fungi and epiphytic trees normally found at ground level
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื›ื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืืคื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจืงืข
03:36
like Douglas firs, hemlocks and tan oaks
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ื›ืžื• ืืฉื•ื—ื™ ื“ื’ืœืืก, ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืืœื•ื ื™ื
ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืžืจื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:39
whose roots had taken hold in the rich wet soil mats.
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03:42
Invertebrates such as ants, bumblebees, mites, beetles, earthworms and aquatic crustacean copepods
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ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ืžืœื™ื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคืคื•ื“ื™ื
03:48
make their homes alongside flowering plants like
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•
03:51
rhododendrons, currant and elderberry bushes.
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ืจื•ื“ื•ื“ื ื“ืจื•ื, ื“ืžื“ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื—ื™ ืืœื“ืจื‘ืจื™.
03:54
Ospreys, spotted owls, and jays search the canopy for food.
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ืฉืœื›ื™ื, ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืžื ื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆืžืจื•ืช.
03:58
Even the marbled murrelet, a Pacific seabird,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืจืœื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืฉืช, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื ืคืกื™ืคื™ืช,
04:00
flies many miles from the ocean to nest there.
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ืขืคื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืงื ืŸ ืฉื.
04:04
Squirrels and voles peek out of penthouse burrows.
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ืกื ืื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืจื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื”ืื•ืก.
04:06
And the top predator? The mighty wandering salamander!
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ? ื”ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”!
04:10
Sillett's research has changed how we think about tall trees,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื˜ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
04:14
and bolstered the case for their conservation,
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ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจื,
04:16
not just as impressive individual organisms
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื
04:19
but as homes to countless other species.
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ืืœื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:22
So when you look up into the branches and leaves of a tree,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืขื ืคื™ื ื•ืœืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ,
04:25
ask, "What else is up there?"
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ืฉืืœื•, "ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื?"
04:26
A new world might be just out of reach. So leap for it.
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ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ ื™ื“. ืื– ืชื–ื ืงื• ืขืœื™ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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