Coneheads, egg stacks and anteater attacks: The reign of a termite queen - Barbara L. Thorne

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2022-08-25 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Coneheads, egg stacks and anteater attacks: The reign of a termite queen - Barbara L. Thorne

459,042 views ใƒป 2022-08-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
Tens of thousands of conehead termites are swarming in the Panamanian air.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ ืจืืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ืก ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคื ืžื™.
00:11
These 4 young hopefuls are braveโ€” oh...
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4 ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืืžื™ืฆื™ื -- ืื•....
00:15
I guess 3. Oh, wow, 2 in 1. Okay!
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— 3. ืื• ื•ื•ืื•, 2 ื•ืื—ื“. ืื•ืงื™ื™!
00:19
This single determined termite is braving countless threats
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ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
00:23
to participate in the only flight of her lifetime.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:26
She evades the onslaught of predators even as she lands, flips off her wings,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืงืช ืžืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื—ืชืช, ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื”,
00:30
secretes pheromones, and attracts a mate.
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ืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’.
00:33
The pair dash from the danger zone into a rotting tree stump.
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืข ื ืจืงื‘.
00:37
Itโ€™s the perfect first homeโ€” but theyโ€™re not alone.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื -- ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:40
Unlike most termite species,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:41
conehead termite colonies can have multiple queens and kings.
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ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ ืจืืฉ ืงื•ื ื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:45
The pair is joined by several other termites ready to reproduce.
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ืœื–ื•ื’ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:49
Together, they excavate a chamber in the stump,
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืข,
00:51
seal the entrance and get busy.
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ืื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื.
00:54
When the resulting offspring hatch, they bear little resemblance to their parents;
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื;
00:58
theyโ€™re smaller, wingless, eyeless, and sterile.
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ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืงืจื™ื.
01:01
Some of them, the soldiers,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื,
01:03
have the speciesโ€™ trademark conspicuously shaped headsโ€”
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ --
01:07
the function of which will soon be revealed.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
01:10
They set out to scout for dead wood, laying the pheromone trails
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื
01:13
the rest of the offspring, the colonyโ€™s workers,
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
01:16
follow and reinforce as they retrieve food.
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ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:19
As the termites collect and decompose plant debris,
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืจืงื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:22
they return essential nutrients to the soil,
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ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”,
01:25
allowing more vegetation to thrive.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
01:27
Gradually, worker termites expand the colony's central chamber
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”
01:32
as they groom and feed the royals and the upcoming broods.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
01:35
The tiniest termites canโ€™t yet eat wood independently.
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ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
01:39
So, the workers process it and gift it to the youngsters through their saliva
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ืื–, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื
01:43
and by basically throwing up into their mouths.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:46
With the workers managing groceries, construction, and child care,
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ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:50
the royals fully commit themselves to reproduction.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:53
The kings provide sperm on an as-needed basis,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื–ืจืข ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื•ืจืš,
01:55
and the queens undergo radical transformations.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืคืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
01:58
Their abdomens develop efficient egg-laying machinery
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœ
02:01
and extend dramatically.
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ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
02:03
Each queen may produce hundreds of eggs a day.
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ื›ืœ ืžืœื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:06
Meanwhile, a worker entourage retrieves and neatly stacks them into piles.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืžืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืขื•ืจืžืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช.
02:11
The colony grows quickly.
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:12
And once its population is big enough,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:14
workers construct a system of tunnels stretching over 100 meters across terrain,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:19
along fallen logs, and up into tree crowns.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื•, ื•ืœืฆืžืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื.
02:23
These tunnels shelter the termites as they travel to and from food sites
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืืœ ื•ืžืืชืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
02:26
around the clock.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ.
02:27
And eventually, they build a distinctive central nest.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:31
Using partially digested plant material, soil, and poop,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืฆื•ืื”,
02:34
they construct a massive egg-shaped structure,
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
02:37
complete with numerous passages, chambers, and ventilation holes.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ.
02:41
Deep within, they establish a royal cell that's fortified with extra thick walls.
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืชืื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:46
Itโ€™s not long before this architectural marvel attracts an admirer: an anteater.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคืœื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืžืขืจื™ืฅ: ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื™ื.
02:51
She swipes at the nest and pokes her long tongue in.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืงืŸ ื•ืชื•ื—ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื”.
02:55
Those trapped in the tongueโ€™s spines and sticky saliva
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ืืœื• ืฉืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื–ื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง
02:58
are whisked off to their deaths.
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ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื.
03:00
But the termite soldiers launch a counterattack.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“.
03:02
Theyโ€™re tiny and blind but their heads function like squirt guns.
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ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืจืฆื”.
03:05
They secure the anteaterโ€™s position using chemical signals,
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ื”ื ืžืื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื•ื›ืœืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
03:08
clench their powerful muscles and shoot a sticky spray from their heads.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื™ ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:12
After a minute, the anteater stops feeding,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืงื”, ืื•ื›ืœืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
03:15
scratches the goo away, and lopes off.
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ืžื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช.
03:17
The nest sustained some damage, but the royals remain undisturbed,
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ื”ืงืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื–ื ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืคืจืขื™ื,
03:21
pumping out eggs into their reinforced fortress.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
03:24
As the colony matures, some of the young develop into reproductives.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
03:28
Most fly off to establish new coloniesโ€” one lands on a fallen tree,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืขืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช -- ืื—ืช ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืฉื ืคืœ,
03:32
another scrambles into a crack in a house,
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ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœืกื“ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช,
03:35
and another climbs into a shipping crate.
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ื•ืื—ืจืช ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืœืชื•ืš ืืจื’ื– ืฉื™ื ื•ืข.
03:37
But some will simply saunter to sites nearby
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืชืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:39
and become the monarchs of the colonyโ€™s satellite nests.
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
03:43
With one of the longest insect lifespans,
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ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
03:45
a termite queenโ€™s reign can last more than 20 years.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืช ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืฉื ื”.
03:49
The original queens and kings eventually die, but by the time they go,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื,
03:53
several satellite nests are already thriving.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
03:55
Their reproductive offspring inherit the throne,
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ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ,
03:58
meaning that their colony may persist for decades to come.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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