How do bulletproof vests work? - Max G. Levy

292,806 views ใƒป 2024-08-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
By 1975, Richard Davis had been shot in the chest at close range 192 times.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1975, ืจื™ืฆโ€™ืจื“ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืจื•ื‘ 192 ืคืขืžื™ื.
00:13
But not only was he completely healthy,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
00:15
each of these bullets had been shot by Davis himself
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื•
00:19
as part of a demonstration to sell his new product:
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•:
00:22
the bulletproof vest.
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ื”ืืคื•ื“ ื—ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
00:25
Playing with firearms is always a bad idea,
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ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข,
00:28
but after testing his design on empty vests,
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ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืืคื•ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื,
00:31
Davis became convinced that taking a bullet himself was the only way
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:35
to prove the vestโ€™s efficacy.
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ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ื“.
00:38
And when people saw Davis walk away with just some stinging pain
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืชืจื—ืง ืจืง ืขื ืงืฆืช ื›ืื‘ ืฆื•ืจื‘
00:41
a minor cut,
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ื•ื—ืชืš ืงืœ,
00:43
they may have stopped questioning his sanity
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืฉืคื™ื•ืชื•
00:45
and started wondering how such a light, flexible piece of clothing
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ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื’ื“ ืงืœ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื”
00:49
could stop a bullet.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
00:52
The secret was in the material:
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ:
00:54
a synthetic fiber invented a decade earlier
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ืกื™ื‘ ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืฉื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
00:57
by a material chemist named Stephanie Kwolek.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ืงื•ื•ืœืง.
01:01
Her employers at DuPont had found huge success with nylon,
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ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืคื•ื ื˜ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขื ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ,
01:06
the world's first synthetic fiber,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:08
and they wanted Kwolek to create something even stronger
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ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืฉืงื•ื•ืœืง ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:11
they could use to mass produce durable, lightweight tires.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
01:16
Like all synthetic fibers, nylon is a polymer:
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ:
01:19
a long chain of repeating molecules, or monomers.
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:23
While some polymers repeat the same monomer over and over,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
01:26
others chain multiple monomers in a steady pattern.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืจืฉืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
01:30
Itโ€™s these two variablesโ€”
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
01:32
which molecules are involved and how they bond to one anotherโ€”
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื” -
01:35
that give each polymer its unique properties.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:39
So, seeking to build on the strengths of nylon,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ,
01:42
Kwolek began a lengthy process of trial and error,
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ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื•ื•ืœืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”,
01:45
combining various monomers in novel ways.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:48
And one of these resulting polymers was immediately very weird.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
01:53
Named Kevlar, this alternating blend of 1,4-phenylene-diamine
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ 1,4-ืคื ื™ืœืŸ-ื“ื™ืืžื™ืŸ
01:58
and terephthaloyl chloride combine at the molecular level
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ื•ื˜ืจืคืชืœื•ื™ืœ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
02:02
to form a series of parallel chains.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:05
At rest, these chains align in strict rows,
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ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:09
giving the polymer order and crystalline strength.
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™.
02:12
But when pressure is applied, the chains wriggle around,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ, ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืžืชืคืชืœื•ืช
02:16
allowing the material to flow like a liquid.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื–ืœ.
02:20
This so-called liquid crystal polymer was unprecedented,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื,
02:24
and when Kwolekโ€™s team spun the viscous fluid into a fiber,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ืœืง ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืœืกื™ื‘,
02:28
the results were better than they could have hoped.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื•ื•ืช.
02:30
Not only were the fibers flexible and resistant to heat, acid,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื, ื—ื•ืžืฆื”
02:34
and various chemicals,
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ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:35
when woven together, they were also stronger than steel.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืืจื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื“ื”.
02:40
Metals are incredibly sturdy because of their unique atomic bonds.
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ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:44
Where non-metal molecules are typically held together by the attraction
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
02:48
between a nucleus and a set number of electrons,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:51
metal nuclei are surrounded by a sea of shared electrons.
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ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
02:55
It takes a ton of energy to overcome the strength and resiliency
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ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ
03:00
of these countless bonds.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:02
So when a bullet hits a steel plate,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ืคืœื“ื”,
03:04
the material can usually absorb all the impactโ€™s energy
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
03:08
before the metal is pierced.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžื ื•ืงื‘ืช.
03:10
Compare this to a bullet hitting wood.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฅ.
03:13
The bonds holding wood together require much less energy to break,
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืขืฅ ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ,
03:17
which is why bullets can travel much further through wood than metal.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ืช.
03:20
Kevlarโ€™s atomic bonds are also weaker than metalโ€™s.
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืืจ ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช.
03:24
But it compensates with a huge number of hydrogen bonds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืฆื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ.
03:28
While not as strong as the atomic bonds within molecules,
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ืืžื ื ืœื ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
03:32
the attraction of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms between molecules
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ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
03:38
also requires a huge amount of energy to overcome.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
03:41
And when threads of Kevlarโ€™s polymer chains are woven into fabric,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืืจ ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“,
03:46
this strength is multiplied.
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ื—ื•ื–ืง ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืคืœ.
03:48
When a bullet hits Kevlar, the mesh of highly aligned, liquid-like chains
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืงื‘ืœืืจ, ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
03:54
absorb huge amounts of energy,
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ืกื•ืคื’ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
ืจื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆืžื“ืช ืœืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
03:56
wiggling wildly while still clinging to their neighboring chains
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04:00
via hydrogen bonds.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ.
04:02
And even if a bullet does have enough energy to penetrate the Kevlar,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœืืจ,
04:06
it would be moving considerably slower with much less destructive force.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™.
04:11
Of course, Kevlar is not immune to everything.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืงื‘ืœืืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
04:14
Strong forces can still be felt through the fabric,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื“,
04:17
and its fibers gradually lose strength under ultraviolet light.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื›ื•ื— ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
04:22
Additionally, new liquid crystal fibers hold up better against acid.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
04:27
But Kwolekโ€™s invention remains one of the most versatile
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ืœืง ื ื•ืชืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
04:30
and widely used materials on Earth.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:32
Today, companies rely on Kevlarโ€™s lightweight impact resistance
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช
04:37
and durability in helmets, kayaks, spacecraft, and automobiles.
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ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืืจ ื‘ืงืกื“ื•ืช, ืงื™ืืงื™ื, ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:42
Speakers sometimes use Kevlar because it can push air efficiently
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ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
04:46
and quickly come to a dead stop when you pause your music.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:50
And yes, it also makes excellent tires.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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