What are those colors you see when you rub your eyes? - Paul CJ Taylor

342,388 views ใƒป 2024-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the late 1600s, Isaac Newton conducted a series of experiments
0
7003
4421
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -16 ืขืจืš ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
00:11
that broke the two most fundamental rules of eye safetyโ€”
1
11424
4755
ืฉืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื -
00:16
in one, he stared at the sun,
2
16387
2336
ื‘ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
00:18
and in the other he stuck a needle under his eyeball.
3
18931
5381
ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืงืข ืžื—ื˜ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
00:24
Newton was hoping to better understand the lights and colors
4
24604
3545
ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
00:28
that sometimes appear when your eyes are closed.
5
28149
3420
ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
00:31
If you've ever sat around an evening campfire or, unlike Newton,
6
31819
3921
ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:35
unintentionally glanced at the sun,
7
35782
3003
ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
00:38
you may have noticed illuminated patterns briefly dance along your vision
8
38785
4754
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
00:43
before fading into darkness.
9
43539
2211
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉืš.
00:46
So how do these visual illusions, known as afterimages, form?
10
46042
4546
ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืจ?
00:50
Inside the retina, specialized cells called photoreceptors
11
50922
4129
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ
00:55
take in light and turn it into a signal the brain can understand.
12
55051
4087
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
00:59
Photoreceptors contain thousands of molecules called photopigments,
13
59597
4713
ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื,
01:04
which are sensitive to particular colors.
14
64310
2127
ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
01:06
When a light-photon strikes a pigment, part of the photopigmentโ€™s structure,
15
66437
3962
ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜, ื—ืœืง ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜,
01:10
known as chromophore,
16
70399
1127
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืคื•ืจ,
01:11
absorbs the energy by temporarily altering its molecular structure
17
71526
4045
ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื•
01:15
in a process called bleaching.
18
75571
2253
ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
01:17
This reconfiguration induces a cascade of chemical reactions
19
77865
4088
ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืคืœ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
01:21
that route an electrical pulse to the brain.
20
81953
2794
ื”ืžื ืชื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœืžื•ื—.
01:24
And once your brain assembles the signals
21
84956
2502
ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช
01:27
from approximately 200 million photoreceptor cells,
22
87458
4588
ืžื›-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ,
01:32
you see an image.
23
92130
1584
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:33
So how does this lead to an afterimage?
24
93923
2544
ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืจ?
01:36
Scientists aren't quite sure,
25
96634
1752
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
01:38
but a leading theory suggests that photoreceptors may be to blame.
26
98469
5214
ืืš ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื.
01:44
Looking at something bright causes many pigments in a photoreceptor to bleach.
27
104058
5172
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:49
In this state, photopigments can't absorb light well and need to regenerate.
28
109272
4880
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ.
01:54
However, it's believed that photoreceptor cells momentarily continue to fire
29
114485
6674
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ืœื™ืจื•ืช
02:01
and to send signals to the brain,
30
121284
2460
ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—,
02:03
transforming the blazing campfire to a bright pattern as you close your eyes.
31
123870
5130
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:09
This is known as a positive afterimage.
32
129292
2794
ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืชืžื•ื ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
02:12
Positive afterimages normally fade within a few seconds,
33
132420
3545
ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื•ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
02:15
and, under certain conditions,
34
135965
1627
ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
02:17
can be replaced by what is known as a negative afterimage.
35
137592
3920
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
02:21
The original colors appear to be swapped for their approximate complement:
36
141721
5172
ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœื”ื:
02:27
blue with yellow, red with cyan, green with magenta.
37
147018
5005
ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื ืžื’ื ื˜ื”.
02:32
If you fixate on a bright image of a green flower on a yellow background,
38
152273
5589
ืื ืืชื ืžืชืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื— ื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘,
02:38
then glance at a white screen, or close your eyes,
39
158070
2920
ื•ืื– ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื• ืชืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:40
you will see a negative afterimage of a magenta flower on a blue background.
40
160990
5923
ืชืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื— ืžื’ื ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
02:47
Scientists are still working to understand the origins of negative afterimages,
41
167580
5213
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:52
and there are multiple theories.
42
172793
1836
ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:54
Some evidence suggests the source lies in the layers of neuronal cells
43
174921
4087
ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
02:59
in the retina called ganglion cells,
44
179008
2461
ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
03:01
while other research implicates deeper processing in the brain.
45
181469
3545
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:05
Another theory suggests the source lies, again, in the photoreceptors.
46
185139
5047
ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
03:10
The idea is that certain cells are activated if one colorโ€”
47
190269
3379
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืื ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื“ -
03:13
such as greenโ€” is viewed.
48
193648
1710
ื ืฆืคื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง.
03:15
Meanwhile, other cells that are normally activated by viewing redโ€”
49
195358
3670
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื”
03:19
greenโ€™s complementโ€” are then left deactivated.
50
199028
3378
ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื - ื™ืจื•ืง - ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื.
03:22
But if you stare at a green image for an extended period of time,
51
202573
4421
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
03:26
it's thought that while the activated green cells become fatigued,
52
206994
4088
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืชืขื™ื™ืคื™ื,
03:31
the red cells are still sensitive to input.
53
211082
3336
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืงืœื˜.
03:34
As a result, when you look away or close your eyes,
54
214543
3295
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื›ื, ืื• ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:37
the opposing red cells are momentarily more active than the tired green cells,
55
217838
6590
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื,
03:44
creating the perception of a color that is close to the original colorโ€™s complement.
56
224512
4629
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
03:49
But scientists still donโ€™t know for sure.
57
229433
2753
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
03:52
And yet another puzzling visual illusion involves no light or staring at all.
58
232270
5380
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืœื™ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืชืžื•ื”ื” ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ.
03:57
Simply rubbing, or like Newton, inadvisably stabbing behind your eye
59
237775
5088
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ, ืื• ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืŸ
04:02
can generate the brief appearance of lights and colors.
60
242863
3796
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจืื” ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
04:06
These are known as pressure phosphenes.
61
246784
2794
ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืคื•ืกืคื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
04:09
Newton hypothesized that the colorful circles of light
62
249870
3587
ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:13
were caused by the physical bending of his retina.
63
253457
3462
ื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:17
Today, some scientists believe that pressure phosphenes
64
257211
2878
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคื•ืกืคื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ
04:20
are indeed the result of distortionโ€”
65
260089
2294
ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช -
04:22
that rubbing or poking your eyes physically stretches neurons,
66
262383
4838
ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ืื• ื ืขื™ืฆื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
04:27
bending the photoreceptors out of shape and causing them to fire.
67
267221
4088
ืžื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืจืชื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช.
04:31
But again, the science of phosphenes is far from settled,
68
271517
3796
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ืข ื”ืคื•ืกืคื ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ืจ,
04:35
and there are other ways they can form.
69
275313
2502
ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
04:38
For example, during procedures where magnetic pulses are sent
70
278107
4046
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื
04:42
into specific parts of the brain,
71
282153
1918
ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:44
some people, including those with certain types of blindness,
72
284071
3170
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื” ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ,
04:47
report seeing flashes of light.
73
287241
2544
ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ ืื•ืจ.
04:49
And astronauts, traveling where few others have gone before,
74
289952
3379
ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ืกืขื• ืœืืŸ ืฉืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
04:53
often describe seeing similar effects when exposed to cosmic radiation
75
293331
4629
ืžืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
04:57
from the Sun and other stars.
76
297960
2795
ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7