What are those colors you see when you rub your eyes? - Paul CJ Taylor

342,388 views ・ 2024-10-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sunghan Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
1600λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— μ•„μ΄μž‘ 뉴턴이 ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€
00:07
In the late 1600s, Isaac Newton conducted a series of experiments
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00:11
that broke the two most fundamental rules of eye safetyβ€”
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눈 μ•ˆμ „μ— κ°€μž₯ 기본적인 κ·œμΉ™ 두 가지λ₯Ό κΉ¨λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
in one, he stared at the sun,
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” νƒœμ–‘μ„ μ³λ‹€λ³΄λŠ” 것이고,
00:18
and in the other he stuck a needle under his eyeball.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ•ˆκ΅¬ μ•„λž˜μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λŠ˜μ„ λ°€μ–΄ λ„£λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Newton was hoping to better understand the lights and colors
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뉴턴은 λˆˆμ„ κ°μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ 가끔 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λΉ›κ³Ό 색을
00:28
that sometimes appear when your eyes are closed.
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더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
If you've ever sat around an evening campfire or, unlike Newton,
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저녁에 λͺ¨λ‹₯뢈 μ£Όμœ„μ— 앉아 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
뉴턴과 달리 무심코 νƒœμ–‘μ„ 바라본 적이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
00:35
unintentionally glanced at the sun,
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00:38
you may have noticed illuminated patterns briefly dance along your vision
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λΉ›λ‚˜λŠ” λ¬΄λŠ¬λ“€μ΄ 눈 μ•žμ—μ„œ μž μ‹œ 좀을 μΆ”λ‹€κ°€
00:43
before fading into darkness.
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μ–΄λ‘  μ†μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 것을 λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
So how do these visual illusions, known as afterimages, form?
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μž”μƒμ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ  ν™˜μƒμ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:50
Inside the retina, specialized cells called photoreceptors
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망막 λ‚΄λΆ€μ—λŠ” κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄λΌλŠ” νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ 세포듀이
00:55
take in light and turn it into a signal the brain can understand.
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빛을 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬ λ‡Œκ°€ 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ‘œ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Photoreceptors contain thousands of molecules called photopigments,
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ—λŠ” κ΄‘μƒ‰μ†ŒλΌλŠ” λΆ„μžκ°€ 수천 개 λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:04
which are sensitive to particular colors.
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이듀은 νŠΉμ • 색상에 λ―Όκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
When a light-photon strikes a pigment, part of the photopigment’s structure,
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κ΄‘μžκ°€ μƒ‰μ†Œμ— λ‹ΏμœΌλ©΄
κ΄‘μƒ‰μ†Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 크둜λͺ¨ν¬μ–΄κ°€
01:10
known as chromophore,
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01:11
absorbs the energy by temporarily altering its molecular structure
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μΌμ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μž ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°”κΏˆμœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°
01:15
in a process called bleaching.
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이λ₯Ό ν‘œλ°±μ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
This reconfiguration induces a cascade of chemical reactions
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±μ€ 연쇄적인 ν™”ν•™ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:21
that route an electrical pulse to the brain.
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μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ‡Œλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
And once your brain assembles the signals
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€
01:27
from approximately 200 million photoreceptor cells,
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄ 세포 μ•½ 2μ–΅ κ°œμ—μ„œ 온 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄,
01:32
you see an image.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 물체λ₯Ό 보게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
So how does this lead to an afterimage?
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그럼 이게 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž”μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
01:36
Scientists aren't quite sure,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν™•μ‹€μΉ˜ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
01:38
but a leading theory suggests that photoreceptors may be to blame.
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μ£Όμš” 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ 원인일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Looking at something bright causes many pigments in a photoreceptor to bleach.
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밝은 것을 바라보면 κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ˜ λ§Žμ€ μƒ‰μ†Œκ°€ ν‘œλ°±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
In this state, photopigments can't absorb light well and need to regenerate.
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이 μƒνƒœμ—μ„œλŠ” κ΄‘μƒ‰μ†Œκ°€ 빛을 잘 ν‘μˆ˜ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ©°,
μž¬μƒμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
However, it's believed that photoreceptor cells momentarily continue to fire
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그런데 κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄ 세포가 μˆœκ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ 계속 λ°œν™”ν•˜μ—¬
02:01
and to send signals to the brain,
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λ‡Œμ— μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄μ„œ νƒ€μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ‹₯λΆˆμ„
02:03
transforming the blazing campfire to a bright pattern as you close your eyes.
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λˆˆμ„ κ°μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 밝은 무늬둜 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
This is known as a positive afterimage.
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이λ₯Ό μ–‘μ„± μž”μƒμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Positive afterimages normally fade within a few seconds,
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μ–‘μ„± μž”μƒμ€ 보톡 수초 내에 사라지며
02:15
and, under certain conditions,
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νŠΉμ • μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ” μŒμ„± μž”μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
can be replaced by what is known as a negative afterimage.
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02:21
The original colors appear to be swapped for their approximate complement:
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μŒμ„± μž”μƒμ—μ„œλŠ” μ›λž˜ 색상이 λ³΄μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
blue with yellow, red with cyan, green with magenta.
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ€ λ…Έλž€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ, 빨간색은 μ²­λ‘μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ,
녹색은 μžν™μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
If you fixate on a bright image of a green flower on a yellow background,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ…Έλž€ 배경에 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ 꽃이 μžˆλŠ” 밝은 μ˜μƒμ„ ν•œλ™μ•ˆ μ‘μ‹œν•œ ν›„
02:38
then glance at a white screen, or close your eyes,
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흰색 화면을 μ³λ‹€λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜ λˆˆμ„ 감으면
02:40
you will see a negative afterimage of a magenta flower on a blue background.
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ 배경에 μžν™μƒ‰ 꽃이 μžˆλŠ” μŒμ„± μž”μƒμ΄ 보일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Scientists are still working to understand the origins of negative afterimages,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μŒμ„± μž”μƒμ˜ 원인을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  있으며,
02:52
and there are multiple theories.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 이둠듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Some evidence suggests the source lies in the layers of neuronal cells
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일뢀 μ¦κ±°λŠ” κ·Έ 원인이 λ§λ§‰μ˜ μ‹ κ²½ 세포측인
02:59
in the retina called ganglion cells,
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μ‹ κ²½μ ˆ 세포에 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•˜κ³ 
03:01
while other research implicates deeper processing in the brain.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ 더 κΉŠμ€ 곳이 κ΄€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ•”μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Another theory suggests the source lies, again, in the photoreceptors.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이둠은 μ—­μ‹œ κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ 원인이라고 μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
The idea is that certain cells are activated if one colorβ€”
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νŠΉμ • μ„Έν¬λŠ” ν•œ 가지 색상, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 녹색을 κ΄€μ°°ν•  λ•Œ
03:13
such as greenβ€” is viewed.
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ν™œμ„±ν™”λœλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Meanwhile, other cells that are normally activated by viewing redβ€”
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ν•œνŽΈ, 일반적으둜 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μ˜ 보색인 빨간색을 λ³Ό λ•Œ
03:19
green’s complementβ€” are then left deactivated.
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ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀은 λΉ„ν™œμ„± μƒνƒœλ‘œ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
But if you stare at a green image for an extended period of time,
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그런데 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ μ˜μƒμ„ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ μ‘μ‹œν•˜λ©΄,
03:26
it's thought that while the activated green cells become fatigued,
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ν™œμ„±ν™”λœ μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ μ„Έν¬λŠ” ν”Όλ‘œν•΄μ§€μ§€λ§Œ
03:31
the red cells are still sensitive to input.
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빨간색 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μž…λ ₯에 λ―Όκ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
As a result, when you look away or close your eyes,
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, μ‹œμ„ μ„ λŒλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ λˆˆμ„ 감으면
03:37
the opposing red cells are momentarily more active than the tired green cells,
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λ°˜λŒ€μΈ 빨간색 세포가
ν”Όλ‘œν•΄μ§„ μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ 세포보닀 μˆœκ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ 더 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ–΄
03:44
creating the perception of a color that is close to the original color’s complement.
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κΈ°μ‘΄ μƒ‰μƒμ˜ 보색에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 색깔을 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
But scientists still don’t know for sure.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 아직 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
And yet another puzzling visual illusion involves no light or staring at all.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 수수께끼 같은 μ‹œκ°μ  ν™˜μƒμ€ λΉ›μ΄λ‚˜ μ‘μ‹œμ™€ μ „ν˜€ 관련이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Simply rubbing, or like Newton, inadvisably stabbing behind your eye
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 문지λ₯΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ‰΄ν„΄μ²˜λŸΌ μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ 눈 μ•ˆμͺ½μ„ μ°”λŸ¬λ„
04:02
can generate the brief appearance of lights and colors.
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λΉ›κ³Ό 색이 잠깐 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
These are known as pressure phosphenes.
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μ΄λŠ” μ••λ ₯으둜 μΈν•œ μ•ˆλ‚΄ 섬광이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Newton hypothesized that the colorful circles of light
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뉴턴은 λ‹€μ±„λ‘œμš΄ λΉ›μ˜ 원듀은
04:13
were caused by the physical bending of his retina.
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망막이 물리적으둜 λ³€ν˜•λ˜μ–΄μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€κ³  가섀을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Today, some scientists believe that pressure phosphenes
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  일뢀 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
μ•ˆλ‚΄ 섬광이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ³€ν˜•μ˜ 결과라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
are indeed the result of distortionβ€”
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04:22
that rubbing or poking your eyes physically stretches neurons,
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λˆˆμ„ 문지λ₯΄κ±°λ‚˜ 찌λ₯΄λ©΄ μ‹ κ²½ 세포가 물리적으둜 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ ,
04:27
bending the photoreceptors out of shape and causing them to fire.
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
But again, the science of phosphenes is far from settled,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•ˆλ‚΄ 섬광은 κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 아직 ν™•λ¦½λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°,
04:35
and there are other ways they can form.
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μž”μƒμ΄ ν˜•μ„±λ  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
For example, during procedures where magnetic pulses are sent
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ νŠΉμ • λ‡Œ λΆ€μœ„μ— μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
04:42
into specific parts of the brain,
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04:44
some people, including those with certain types of blindness,
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일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, 특히 νŠΉμ • μœ ν˜• μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
04:47
report seeing flashes of light.
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λ²ˆμ©μ΄λŠ” 빛을 λ³Έλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
And astronauts, traveling where few others have gone before,
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λ˜ν•œ 일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ§Œ κ°€λ³Έ 곳을 μ—¬ν–‰ν•œ μš°μ£ΌλΉ„ν–‰μ‚¬λ“€λ„
04:53
often describe seeing similar effects when exposed to cosmic radiation
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νƒœμ–‘κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³„λ“€μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” 우주 방사선에 λ…ΈμΆœλ  λ•Œ
04:57
from the Sun and other stars.
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μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 상황을 κ²ͺλŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§Žλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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