Can you transplant a head to another body? - Max G. Levy

561,606 views ใƒป 2024-06-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
On March 14th, 1970, Robert White and his team carted two small monkeys
0
6961
6507
ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1970, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
00:13
into an operating room.
1
13468
1668
ืœื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:15
The neurosurgeon lay on the verge of an ambitious experiment,
2
15261
3670
ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืืคืชื ื™,
00:18
decades in the making, which was bizarre,
3
18931
2586
ืฉื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:21
if not pulled straight from his own fever dream.
4
21559
2878
ืื ืœื ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžื—ืœื•ื ื”ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:24
Whiteโ€™s objective?
5
24604
1460
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜?
00:26
Connect the head of Monkey A to the body of Monkey B,
6
26147
4880
ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ A ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ B,
00:31
in what he considered a whole-body transplant.
7
31027
3545
ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื.
00:34
Whiteโ€™s ultimate goal was to one day perform this surgery on humans.
8
34781
4879
ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:39
While disturbing, the idea of a body transplant
9
39911
3211
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ
00:43
raises ethical, biological, and philosophical questionsโ€”
10
43122
4254
ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช -
00:47
on the nature of life and the limits of scienceโ€”
11
47376
3045
ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข -
00:50
that are still discussed today.
12
50421
2211
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:52
But first, is it even medically possible?
13
52757
2753
ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช?
00:55
White's surgery faced several technical hurdles.
14
55676
3254
ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
00:58
For one thing, it guaranteed paralysis
15
58971
3420
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืชื•ืง
01:02
as no doctor thenโ€” or nowโ€” could reconnect a severed spinal cord.
16
62391
4964
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืจื•ืคื ืื– - ืื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• - ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื“ืจื” ืžื ื•ืชืง.
01:07
But White, a practicing neurosurgeon,
17
67522
2752
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืžืชืจื’ืœ,
01:10
thought the surgery could be life-saving
18
70274
2586
ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
01:12
for his patients with spinal cord injuries or progressive mobility diseases like ALS.
19
72860
6507
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื• ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ALS.
01:19
These patients often face multi-organ failures and paralysis,
20
79492
5255
ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืง,
01:24
so with a body transplant,
21
84914
1960
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:26
he hoped to save their lives by replacing all of their organs at once.
22
86916
5172
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
01:32
But paralysis wasn't the only challenge.
23
92213
2920
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
01:35
Due to their high energy demands,
24
95216
2294
ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:37
brain cells require a constant supply of oxygenated blood to survive.
25
97510
5631
ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืกืคืงื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
01:43
Yet the transplant surgery would likely interrupt the brainโ€™s oxygen flow
26
103266
4963
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:48
for hours.
27
108229
1043
ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:49
But White had an idea.
28
109397
1835
ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
01:51
When the brain is cold,
29
111357
1293
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืงืจ,
01:52
its metabolism slows down and it relies less on oxygen.
30
112733
4547
ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืžืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
01:57
Experimenting on dogs and monkeys,
31
117488
2795
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ื,
02:00
White optimized a brain-cooling technique
32
120408
3253
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื—
02:03
where the brainโ€™s blood flow was selectively chilled and halted,
33
123661
4338
ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฆื•ื ื ื” ื•ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
02:07
while the rest of the bodyโ€™s blood remained warm and circulated.
34
127999
3628
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืฉืืจ ื—ื ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
02:12
Then, in 1964, White successfully cooled the brain of a human patient
35
132003
6089
ื•ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:18
with a life-threatening brain tumor into โ€œsuspended animationโ€ at 11ยฐC.
36
138092
6256
ืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืœ"ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืขื”" ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 11 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
02:24
Whereas normally the surgical team would have just 3 to 5 minutes
37
144432
4504
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง 3 ืขื“ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช
02:28
to remove the tumor,
38
148936
1377
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
02:30
with this new technique,
39
150313
1376
ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•,
02:31
they operated for over an hour without causing damage.
40
151689
3962
ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง.
02:35
Brain cooling revolutionized the field of neurosurgery
41
155818
3629
ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”
02:39
and put White one step closer to his body transplant goal.
42
159447
4337
ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•.
02:44
But this vision was fraught with serious ethical concerns.
43
164076
4004
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:48
What conditions would justify such an experimental surgery,
44
168539
4338
ืื™ืœื• ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
02:52
that could result in debilitating pain and neurological damage?
45
172877
4046
ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื ื–ืง ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™?
02:57
And how many animals would have to die to prove it was possible?
46
177048
3879
ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
03:01
At the time, bioethics was still an emerging field.
47
181093
3838
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื•-ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื—.
03:05
Nevertheless, numerous critics, including many in the scientific community,
48
185097
4380
ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
03:09
recognized the cruelty of White's research and strongly opposed it.
49
189477
4254
ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.
03:13
Yet White continued to gain approval from agencies like the NIH.
50
193940
4170
ืขื ื–ืืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”-NIH (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช).
03:18
And by 1970, he was ready to attempt a monkey body transplant.
51
198110
5256
ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื•ืฃ.
03:23
First Monkey A was installed with temporary blood vesselsโ€”
52
203699
3879
ืงื•ืฃ A ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื-
03:27
coils of plastic tubes that tethered the head to the body.
53
207662
3962
ืกืœื™ืœื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืงืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
03:31
Plastic tube by plastic tube, the team connected Body B to Head A,
54
211832
5631
ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ B ืœืจืืฉ A,
03:37
and then waited for the subject to awake from anesthesia.
55
217463
3712
ื•ืื– ื—ื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
03:41
The monkey didโ€” alive, paralyzed, and extremely distressed.
56
221425
5047
ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช - ื—ื™, ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:46
According to the team, the monkey could see, smell, hear,
57
226555
4296
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœื”ืจื™ื—, ืœืฉืžื•ืข
03:50
and even tried to bite off one of the doctorsโ€™ fingers.
58
230851
3003
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืฉื•ืš ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
03:53
White felt this proved that the operation could work.
59
233938
2961
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
03:57
The brain appeared to survive a head transplant
60
237108
3128
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืจื“ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืจืืฉ
04:00
and, with high doses of drugs, could live without immune rejection.
61
240319
4254
ื•ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
04:04
But had White performed a body transplant on Monkey A?
62
244699
3878
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืฃ A?
04:08
Or was it a head transplant on Monkey B?
63
248619
2961
ืื• ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืฃ B?
04:11
The surgery raises questions about the mind-body divide
64
251789
3670
ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ
04:15
that have been debated for millennia.
65
255459
1919
ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:17
While modern neuroscience supports the central role of the brain
66
257878
4046
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
04:21
in building out our consciousness,
67
261924
1877
ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:23
discoveries about gut neurons and the microbiome
68
263801
3337
ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื
04:27
suggest that the answer may be more complicated.
69
267138
3128
ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:30
Does part of the โ€œselfโ€ reside outside of the mind?
70
270433
3461
ื”ืื ื—ืœืง ืžื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”?
04:34
The body and brain are interconnected by circuits and signaling systems;
71
274020
4254
ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืช;
04:38
so, what is lost by separating the two?
72
278357
2670
ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื?
04:41
As a neurosurgeon, White performed more than 10,000 brain operations
73
281319
4796
ื›ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -10,000 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื—
04:46
before retiring in 1998โ€”
74
286115
2294
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 -
04:48
but never the human head transplant he dreamed of.
75
288617
3421
ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืจืืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื—ืœื ืขืœื™ื”.
04:52
Since then, several scientists have expressed interest in picking up
76
292163
4129
ืžืื–, ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
04:56
where White left off, reviving unfinished debates.
77
296292
3962
ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืคืกื™ืง, ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.
05:00
Even if a doctor could successfully connect a patientโ€™s head
78
300504
3420
ื’ื ืื ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
05:03
to a donorโ€™s body,
79
303924
1669
ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื,
05:05
who of the two would emerge?
80
305593
2210
ืžื™ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื?
05:07
And is extending a life always worth the cost?
81
307803
3420
ื•ื”ืื ื”ืืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7