Can you transplant a head to another body? - Max G. Levy

506,809 views ใƒป 2024-06-04

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Minnie Min Hee Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:06
On March 14th, 1970, Robert White and his team carted two small monkeys
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1970๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ, ํ™”์ดํŠธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ€์€
์ž‘์€ ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
into an operating room.
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00:15
The neurosurgeon lay on the verge of an ambitious experiment,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ ์ฐฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:18
decades in the making, which was bizarre,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด ์˜จ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€
00:21
if not pulled straight from his own fever dream.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•…๋ชฝ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Whiteโ€™s objective?
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:26
Connect the head of Monkey A to the body of Monkey B,
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์›์ˆญ์ด A์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›์ˆญ์ด B์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
00:31
in what he considered a whole-body transplant.
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์ „์‹  ์ด์‹์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Whiteโ€™s ultimate goal was to one day perform this surgery on humans.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:39
While disturbing, the idea of a body transplant
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์‹ ์ฒด ์ด์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
00:43
raises ethical, biological, and philosophical questionsโ€”
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ , ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ , ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด
00:47
on the nature of life and the limits of scienceโ€”
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
00:50
that are still discussed today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
But first, is it even medically possible?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:55
White's surgery faced several technical hurdles.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋‚œ๊ด€์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
For one thing, it guaranteed paralysis
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์šฐ์„ , ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
as no doctor thenโ€” or nowโ€” could reconnect a severed spinal cord.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜์‚ฌ๋„
์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:07
But White, a practicing neurosurgeon,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š”
01:10
thought the surgery could be life-saving
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
for his patients with spinal cord injuries or progressive mobility diseases like ALS.
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์ฒ™์ˆ˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์งˆํ™˜, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ๋ฆญ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:19
These patients often face multi-organ failures and paralysis,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์ „ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ๋น„์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
so with a body transplant,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์‹  ์ด์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:26
he hoped to save their lives by replacing all of their organs at once.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
But paralysis wasn't the only challenge.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Due to their high energy demands,
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๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
01:37
brain cells require a constant supply of oxygenated blood to survive.
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์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Yet the transplant surgery would likely interrupt the brainโ€™s oxygen flow
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
for hours.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:49
But White had an idea.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์ดํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
When the brain is cold,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
01:52
its metabolism slows down and it relies less on oxygen.
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์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Experimenting on dogs and monkeys,
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๊ฐœ์™€ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:00
White optimized a brain-cooling technique
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
where the brainโ€™s blood flow was selectively chilled and halted,
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์ด๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ํžˆ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
02:07
while the rest of the bodyโ€™s blood remained warm and circulated.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹ ์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Then, in 1964, White successfully cooled the brain of a human patient
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 1964๋…„์— ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
with a life-threatening brain tumor into โ€œsuspended animationโ€ at 11ยฐC.
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์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ 11ยฐC์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:24
Whereas normally the surgical team would have just 3 to 5 minutes
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” 3~5๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:28
to remove the tumor,
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02:30
with this new technique,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ ์—†์ด 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
they operated for over an hour without causing damage.
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02:35
Brain cooling revolutionized the field of neurosurgery
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๋‡Œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๊ณ 
02:39
and put White one step closer to his body transplant goal.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ „์‹  ์ด์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
But this vision was fraught with serious ethical concerns.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
What conditions would justify such an experimental surgery,
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์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:52
that could result in debilitating pain and neurological damage?
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:57
And how many animals would have to die to prove it was possible?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํฌ์ƒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:01
At the time, bioethics was still an emerging field.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š”
03:05
Nevertheless, numerous critics, including many in the scientific community,
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03:09
recognized the cruelty of White's research and strongly opposed it.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž”์ธ์„ฑ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Yet White continued to gain approval from agencies like the NIH.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด๊ฑด์› ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
03:18
And by 1970, he was ready to attempt a monkey body transplant.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1970๋…„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์‹  ์ด์‹ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
First Monkey A was installed with temporary blood vesselsโ€”
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๋จผ์ € ์›์ˆญ์ด A์—๊ฒŒ ์ž„์‹œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
coils of plastic tubes that tethered the head to the body.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชธ์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€์ฃ .
03:31
Plastic tube by plastic tube, the team connected Body B to Head A,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ชธํ†ต B๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ A์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
03:37
and then waited for the subject to awake from anesthesia.
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๋งˆ์ทจ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
The monkey didโ€” alive, paralyzed, and extremely distressed.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งˆ๋น„๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
According to the team, the monkey could see, smell, hear,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋งก๊ณ , ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:50
and even tried to bite off one of the doctorsโ€™ fingers.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
White felt this proved that the operation could work.
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
The brain appeared to survive a head transplant
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ด์‹ ํ›„์—๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ ,
04:00
and, with high doses of drugs, could live without immune rejection.
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด
๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์—†์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
But had White performed a body transplant on Monkey A?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ™”์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์›์ˆญ์ด A์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ด์‹์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:08
Or was it a head transplant on Monkey B?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์›์ˆญ์ด B์—๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ด์‹์„ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:11
The surgery raises questions about the mind-body divide
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์‹ฌ์‹  ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
that have been debated for millennia.
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04:17
While modern neuroscience supports the central role of the brain
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด
04:21
in building out our consciousness,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
04:23
discoveries about gut neurons and the microbiome
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€
04:27
suggest that the answer may be more complicated.
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ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์น˜ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Does part of the โ€œselfโ€ reside outside of the mind?
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์ž์•„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์กด์žฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:34
The body and brain are interconnected by circuits and signaling systems;
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์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
so, what is lost by separating the two?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์†์‹ค๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
04:41
As a neurosurgeon, White performed more than 10,000 brain operations
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ™”์ดํŠธ๋Š” 1998๋…„ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
04:46
before retiring in 1998โ€”
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๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
but never the human head transplant he dreamed of.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ”์™”๋˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ด์‹์€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Since then, several scientists have expressed interest in picking up
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋œป์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:56
where White left off, reviving unfinished debates.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์•„์ง ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜์‚ด์•„๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
Even if a doctor could successfully connect a patientโ€™s head
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„,
05:03
to a donorโ€™s body,
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05:05
who of the two would emerge?
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:07
And is extending a life always worth the cost?
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์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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