The science of smog - Kim Preshoff

1,051,487 views ใƒป 2017-08-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
On July 26, 1943,
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ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 1943
00:10
Los Angeles was blanketed by a thick gas that stung people's eyes
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ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื›ื•ืกืชื” ื‘ื’ื– ืกืžื™ืš ืฉืฆืจื‘ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:14
and blocked out the Sun.
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ื•ื—ืกื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:16
Panicked residents believed their city had been attacked using chemical warfare.
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื—ืžืจื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
00:21
But the cloud wasn't an act of war.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:23
It was smog.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืจืคื™ื—.
00:25
A portmanteau of smoke and fog,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืœ ื•ืขืฉืŸ,
00:28
the word "smog" was coined at the beginning of the 20th century
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20
00:31
to describe the thick gray haze that covered cities
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื”ืกืžื™ืš ื•ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืกื” ืขืจื™ื
00:34
such as London,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:35
Glasgow,
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ื’ืœืื–ื’ื•,
00:36
and Edinburgh.
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ื•ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
00:38
This industrial smog was known to form
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ื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“"ื›
00:40
when smoke from coal-burning home stoves and factories
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ื›ืฉืขืฉืŸ ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื
00:44
combined with moisture in the air.
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:47
But the smog behind the LA panic was different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:50
It was yellowish with a chemical odor.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ืขื ืจื™ื— ื›ื™ืžื™.
00:53
Since the city didn't burn much coal, its cause would remain a mystery
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ืฉืจืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
00:57
until a chemist named Arie Haagen-Smit identified two culprits:
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ื™ืžืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืืจื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
01:02
volatile organic compounds, or VOCs,
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ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืื• VOC,
01:05
and nitrogen oxides.
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ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ.
01:08
VOCs are compounds that easily become vapors
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VOC ื”ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
01:11
and may contain elements, such as carbon,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ,
01:13
oxygen,
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:14
hydrogen,
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ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:15
chlorine,
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ื›ืœื•ืจ,
01:16
and sulfur.
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ื•ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช.
01:18
Some are naturally produced by plants and animals,
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ื—ืœืงื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:20
but others come from manmade sources,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
01:23
like solvents,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืžืกื™ื,
01:24
paints,
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ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
01:25
glues,
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01:25
and petroleum.
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ื“ื‘ืง,
ื•ื“ืœืง.
01:27
Meanwhile, the incomplete combustion of gas in motor vehicles
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:31
releases nitrogen oxide.
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ.
01:34
That's what gives this type of smog its yellowish color.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
01:38
VOCs and nitrogen oxide react with sunlight
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VOC ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:41
to produce secondary pollutants called PANs and tropospheric,
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื PAN
01:46
or ground-level, ozone.
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ื•ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกืคืจื™ ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:49
PANs and ozone cause eye irritation and damage lung tissue.
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PAN ื•ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:53
Both are key ingredients in photochemical smog,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืคื™ื— ืคื•ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™,
01:57
which is what had been plaguing LA.
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ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก.
02:00
So why does smog affect some cities but not others?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืขืจืคื™ื— ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช?
02:03
Both industrial and photochemical smog combine manmade pollution
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ืขืจืคื™ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ ืื“ื
02:08
with local weather and geography.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
02:10
London's high humidity made it a prime location for industrial smog.
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ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืขืจืคื™ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:15
Photochemical smog is strongest in urban areas with calm winds
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ืขืจืคื™ื— ืคื•ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช
02:19
and dry, warm, sunny weather.
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ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื, ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืฉืžืฉื™.
02:22
The ultraviolet radiation from sunlight provides the energy necessary
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ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
02:25
to breakdown molecules that contribute to smog formation.
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ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจืคื™ื—.
02:30
Cities surrounded by mountains, like LA,
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ืขืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
02:32
or lying in a basin, like Beijing,
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ืื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื’ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’,
02:35
are also especially vulnerable to smog since there's nowhere for it to dissipate.
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ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขืจืคื™ื— ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืืŸ ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ.
02:40
That's also partially due to a phenomenon known as temperature inversion,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
02:44
where instead of warm air continuously rising upward,
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ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:47
a pollution-filled layer of air remains trapped near the Earth's surface
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืžืœืืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืฉืืจืช ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:52
by a slightly warmer layer above.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:55
Smog isn't just an aesthetic eyesore.
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ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช.
02:58
Both forms of smog irritate the eyes,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื,
03:00
nose,
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03:00
and throat,
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ื”ืืฃ,
ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
03:01
exacerbate conditions like asthma and emphysema,
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืžื” ื•ื ืคื—ืช,
03:04
and increase the risk of respiratory infections like bronchitis.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ื ื›ื™ื˜.
03:09
Smog can be especially harmful to young children and older people
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ืขืจืคื™ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
03:12
and exposure in pregnant women has been linked to low birth weight
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื ืžื•ืš
03:16
and potential birth defects.
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื.
03:18
Secondary pollutants found in photochemical smog
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ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืคื™ื— ืคื•ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™
03:21
can damage and weaken crops and decrease yield,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข, ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
03:24
making them more susceptible to insects.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
03:27
Yet for decades, smog was seen as the inevitable price of civilization.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืขืจืคื™ื— ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:32
Londoners had become accustomed to the notorious pea soup fog
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœืขืจืคื™ื— ืžืจืง ื”ืืคื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”
03:36
swirling over their streets until 1952,
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ืฉื’ืœืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื ืขื“ 1952,
03:39
when the Great Smog of London shut down all transportation in the city for days
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ื›ืฉื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื
03:44
and caused more than 4,000 respiratory deaths.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:48
As a result, the Clean Air Act of 1956
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื™ ืฉืœ 1956
03:52
banned burning coal in certain areas of the city,
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ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
03:55
leading to a massive reduction in smog.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจืคื™ื—.
03:58
Similarly, regulations on vehicle emissions and gas content in the US
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
04:02
reduced the volatile compounds in the air and smog levels along with them.
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ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ืื™ืชืŸ.
04:07
Smog remains a major problem around the world.
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ืขืจืคื™ื— ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:11
Countries like China and Poland that depend on coal for energy
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ืคื—ื
04:14
experience high levels of industrial smog.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื™ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
04:18
Photochemical smog and airborne particles from vehicle emissions
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืขืจืคื™ื— ืคื•ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
04:21
affect many rapidly developing cities,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:23
from Mexico City and Santiago
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ืžืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื•
04:26
to New Delhi and Tehran.
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ืœื ื™ื• ื“ืœื”ื™ ื•ื˜ื”ืจืŸ.
04:29
Governments have tried many methods to tackle it,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•,
04:31
such as banning cars from driving for days at a time.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื.
04:36
As more than half of the world's population crowds into cities,
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื,
04:40
considering a shift to mass transit and away from fossil fuels
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
04:44
may allow us to breathe easier.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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