Just add water: The garden insect that can turn into a plague - Jeffrey A. Lockwood

559,496 views ใƒป 2021-11-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
The ravenous swarm stretches as far as the eye can see.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง.
00:10
It has no commanding general or strategic plan;
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืคืงื“ ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช;
00:13
its only goals are to eat, breed, and move onโ€”
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” --
00:17
a relentless advance that transforms pastures and farms into barren wastelands.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:25
These are desert locustsโ€” infamous among their locust cousins
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ืืœื” ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ -- ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื ื”ืืจื‘ื”
00:29
for their massive swarms and capacity for destruction.
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ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจืก.
00:33
But these insects aren't always so insatiable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื‘ืขื”.
00:36
In fact, most of the time desert locusts are no more dangerous
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
00:39
than garden-variety grasshoppers.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื ื”.
00:42
So what does it take to turn these harmless insects
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ืื– ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:45
into a crop-consuming plague?
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ืœืžื’ืคื” ืžืฉืžื™ื“ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื?
00:48
Desert locust eggs are laid in the damp depths of desert soil,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ืœื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
00:53
in arid regions stretching from North Africa to South Asia.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”.
00:57
During the dry weather typical in these ecosystems,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:00
desert locusts live a solitary lifestyle.
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ืืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
01:04
Adolescent hoppers will spend a few lonely weeks foraging for plants,
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ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:08
before growing wings, reproducing, and dying.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื™ืชืจื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
01:14
But when a region receives an abundance of rain,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉืคืข ื’ืฉื,
01:17
the scene is set for a startling transformation.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ.
01:20
Increased moisture supports more vegetation
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ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื”
01:23
for newly hatched hoppers to eat,
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ืœื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
01:25
leading large groups to feed in close proximity.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
01:29
The frequent contact stimulates their leg hairs,
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ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:32
triggering the release of a hormone
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ
01:35
that causes them to actively cluster even closer.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:39
Gluttonous crowds of locusts produce huge amounts of poop,
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ืงื”ืœื™ื ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื”,
01:43
which carries a pheromone that furthers their transformation.
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:48
The hopperโ€™s diet shifts to include plants with toxic alkaloids.
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ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ื”ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
01:53
Soon, the locusts take on a striking pattern that warns predators
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื”ืืจื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
01:57
of their newly poisonous nature.
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ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:00
Smaller groups merge into bands of millions,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:03
which mow down virtually all plant life in a kilometer-wide swath.
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:09
Roughly every week they shed and expand their exoskeletons,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ืžืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:14
growing to roughly 50 times their hatching weight in just one month.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 50 ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืขื• ืจืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:18
Finally, the metamorphosis is complete.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:21
The adults beat their translucent wings and take flight
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ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื
02:25
as a full-fledged locust swarm.
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ื›ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:29
In this gregarious phase, these long-winged, brightly colored creatures
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:34
appear so different from their solitary counterparts
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ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:37
that they were long thought to be a separate species.
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ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“.
02:41
A typical swarm contains more locusts than there are humans on the planet,
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ื ื—ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
02:46
covering hundreds of square kilometers in a dense cloud.
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ืžื›ืกื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื.
02:51
At these numbers, desert locusts easily overwhelm their predators.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:56
A large swarm can match the daily food intake of a city of millions,
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ื ื—ื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
03:02
and flying with the wind,
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ื•ืขืฃ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—,
03:03
the insect invasion can travel up to 150 kilometers a day.
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ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ 150 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:09
This living tornado can also cross large bodies of water.
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ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:14
In 1988, a swarm even managed to traverse the Atlantic Ocean.
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ื‘ 1988, ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
03:20
The locusts likely formed rafts to rest at night,
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ื”ืืจื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืจืคืกื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื— ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
03:23
before fueling up in the morning with a nourishing breakfast of their dead kin.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ื“ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžื–ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
03:29
While flying over land, they seek out moist soil to lay eggs.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืคื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
03:34
Swarming mothers transfer their gregarious condition to their offspring,
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ืืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื,
03:38
making it likely that the next generation will form another swarm.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื—ื™ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:43
This means that while an individual desert locust lives only three months,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:48
a plague can last up to a decade.
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ืžื’ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
03:51
The potential for a years-long plague isnโ€™t unique to desert locusts,
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
03:56
but the region they inhabit makes the prospect particularly deadly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:00
Their habitat spans some of the worldโ€™s poorest countries,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:04
largely populated by people who grow their own food.
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ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:08
By consuming crops and pastures,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืขื”,
04:11
these insects directly endanger 10% of humanity.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช 10% ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:16
Fortunately, a desert locust plague doesn't last forever.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื’ืคืช ืืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขื“.
04:20
When a wet period ends,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช,
04:22
vegetation becomes scarce and egg laying conditions decline.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื.
04:26
As existing swarms die off, new hatchlings spread out in search of food,
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ื›ืฉื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ,
04:31
creating enough distance to prevent solitary locusts from transforming.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
04:35
Human intervention can also help.
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
04:38
Researchers use satellite imagery to identify regions at risk
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
04:42
of becoming locust hotspots and alert local governments.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:46
While most countries fight back with chemical insecticides,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
04:49
some regions have found success using fungal diseases that are lethal to locusts
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ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจื‘ื”
04:55
but safe for people and the environment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:58
Unfortunately, other modern practices are exacerbating the threat.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื.
05:02
Fields densely packed with a single crop are like a table set for locusts.
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืœืืจื‘ื”.
05:08
And erratic weather caused by climate change makes swarms harder to predict.
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ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
05:13
If we plan to discourage lonely locusts from becoming catastrophic crowds,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืืจื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื,
05:18
humans need to cut carbon emissions, rethink our agriculture,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
05:21
and generally reconsider our own ravenous appetites.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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