The science of macaroni salad: What's in a molecule? - Josh Kurz

319,916 views ใƒป 2013-08-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
We already know that the world is made of things,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:09
things like cats
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
00:11
and macaroni salad,
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ื•ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™,
00:12
and macaroni salad is made of things
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ื•ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:14
like mayo
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื•ื ื–
00:15
and mustard
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ื•ื—ืจื“ืœ
00:16
and celery,
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00:16
which are all made of molecules.
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ื•ืกืœืจื™,
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:18
As we'll see, these molecules
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืจืื”, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:20
are made of the same stuff,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
00:21
just mixed together in different ways.
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ืจืง ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:23
Let's go back to our macaroni salad.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืกืœื˜ ื”ืžืงืจื•ื ื™.
00:25
We've already unmixed things physically
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช
00:27
as much as we can.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
00:28
Now, we'll go further and unmix things chemically
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
00:30
by breaking some bonds.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืงืฉืจื™ื.
00:32
Many larger, complex molecules
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:33
are just a bunch of smaller molecules bonded together
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
00:36
like building blocks.
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:37
Here, again, macaroni salad provides a nice example.
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ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ ืžืกืคืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื—ืžื“ื”.
00:40
If you look at the pasta,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคืกื˜ื”,
00:41
you'll notice it's made of a lot of this stuff,
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ืืชื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
00:43
starch,
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ืขืžื™ืœืŸ,
00:44
which is this molecule,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
00:45
otherwise known as amylose.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืืžื•ืœื•ื–.
00:47
Turns out, if you break some bonds,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืชืฉื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉืจื™ื,
00:48
amylose is made up of smaller molecules
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ืืžื•ืœื•ื– ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:51
of glucose, a simple sugar.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–, ืกื•ื›ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:53
If you take a bunch of these same glucose molecules
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื”ืืœื”
00:56
and rearrange them in a different way,
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ื•ืชืืจื’ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
00:57
you get cellulose,
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–,
00:59
which is what plants are made of.
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ืฉืžืžื ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
01:01
So, while this piece of pasta made of amylose
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืคืกื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืืžื•ืœื•ื–
01:03
and this wooden spoon made of cellulose
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ื•ื›ืฃ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–
01:06
look vastly different,
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ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:07
they're both essentially made of the same molecules,
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ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
01:09
just stuck together differently.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:11
This type of breaking apart and recombining
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
01:13
is what goes on when you digest food.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืขื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:15
The complex proteins found in the foods we eat,
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
01:18
like carrots and eggs,
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ื”ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
01:19
can't be used by our bodies
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ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
01:20
because we are not carrots or chickens.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:23
What we can use are the smaller molecules
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:25
that make up these proteins,
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:27
the amino acids.
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•.
01:28
During digestion, our bodies break these proteins up
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืจืง ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:31
into their amino acids
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ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:32
so they can be rearranged and put back together
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ
01:34
to make human proteins.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:36
But let's keep breaking bonds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.
01:37
All molecules are made up of atoms bonded together.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:40
If some molecules are building blocks,
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ืื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:42
atoms are the building blocks
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
01:44
of the building blocks.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:45
And you'll notice that with the molecules
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ื•ืืชื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:47
from macaroni salad,
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ืžืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™,
01:48
the same six types of atoms keep showing up:
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ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื:
01:51
carbon,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ,
01:52
hydrogen,
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ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:53
oxygen,
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01:53
nitrogen,
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
ื—ื ืงืŸ,
01:54
phosphorus,
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ,
01:55
and sulfur,
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ื•ื’ืคืจื™ืช,
01:56
or CHONPS.
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ืื• CHONPS.
01:57
There's a few others,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:59
but the big six is what macaroni salad is made of.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™.
02:02
If we went a step further,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ืœืื”,
02:04
we could use these same atoms,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
02:05
recombine them,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
02:06
and make other stuff
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:08
like gasoline
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ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืง
02:09
or sulfuric acid,
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ืื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืชื™ืช,
02:10
methane,
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ืžืชืืŸ,
02:11
and nylon.
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ื•ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ.
02:12
It's all made from the same elements
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื
02:14
that make up macaroni salad.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™.
02:15
So, to recap,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,
02:17
everything is made of atoms.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:19
They are the stuff that things are made of.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:22
Atoms are grouped together in different ways
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:23
to form molecules.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:24
These molecules are constantly being combined,
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:27
broken apart,
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ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช,
02:28
and recombined.
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ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:29
They get thrown into mixtures,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช,
02:30
separated,
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
02:31
remixed
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
02:32
over and over and over again.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:34
The stuff that things are made of
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:35
is always in flux;
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”;
02:38
it's always changing.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:39
Macaroni salad is only macaroni salad for a short time.
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ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
02:42
You eat it,
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ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
02:43
some of it becomes part of you,
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื,
02:44
the rest eventually goes into the ocean
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:46
and gets eaten by other animals that die,
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ื•ื ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ืช,
02:48
and after millions of years, they turn into oil,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ืคื˜,
02:50
which is where gasoline comes from.
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ืžืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื“ืœืง.
02:52
And that's why gasoline and macaroni salad
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืœืง ื•ืกืœื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™
02:54
are not that different -
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
02:56
they're both made of the same stuff,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:57
just one tastes better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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