The oddities of the first American election - Kenneth C. Davis

243,645 views ใƒป 2012-11-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:16
Lawn signs sprouting everywhere.
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ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฉื ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:18
Round-the-clock ads on radio and television.
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ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
00:21
The phone rings. It's a robo-call from the president, or his opponent,
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืœืฆืœ. ื–ื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืื• ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•,
00:25
asking for your money, and your vote.
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ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืืช ืงื•ืœื›ื.
00:28
And while you're at it, watch their YouTube videos and like them on Facebook.
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ, ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืชืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ืœื™ื™ืง ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
00:32
Election time. We all know the look and feel of modern campaigns.
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ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
00:37
But what was it like in the early days of the Republic, when, say,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื’ื™ื“,
00:41
George Washington ran for office?
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ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืžืฉืจื”?
00:44
Well, in fact, he didn't run.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
00:46
When Washington became the first president in 1789,
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ื›ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘1789,
00:50
there were no political parties, no conventions or primaries,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช,
00:53
no campaign, no election season.
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ืœื ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืขื•ื ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:56
Not really any candidates.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
00:59
Even the year was odd.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” (ืื™ - ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช).
01:01
Literally. 1789 was the only presidential election ever held in an odd year.
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ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช. 1789 ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:07
After the framers invented the constitution and the presidency 225 years ago,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ 225 ืฉื ื”,
01:13
the country set about the business of choosing its first executive.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:18
Agreeing with Ben Franklin, many people thought "The first man at the helm will be a good one,"
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ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• "ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘,"
01:23
and by that, Franklin meant George Washington.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื”, ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:26
Greatest hero of the Revolution, Washington presided over the convention that created the constitution,
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื“, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”,
01:33
rarely speaking. He never discussed the job of president,
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
01:36
or of wanting it. And when the first presidential election took place,
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ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”,
01:41
it was a crazy-quilt affair, with many hands stitching the pattern.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืจืช ืชืœืื™ ืขืœ ืชืœืื™ , ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:46
Under the new constitution, each state was given a number of electors.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
01:51
who would cast a vote for two names.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช.
01:54
The man with the most votes would be president,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขื ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื,
01:57
the second-place finisher was vice president.
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
02:00
Ah, but who picked the electors? That was left up to the states.
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ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื? ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:04
Six of them let the people decide, or at least white men over 21 who owned property.
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ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 21 ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ.
02:11
In New Jersey, some women voted, a right later taken away.
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื’'ืจื–ื™, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ืŸ.
02:16
But in other states, the legislature picked the electors.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
02:20
At that time, many people thought democracy was one step away from mob rule
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘
02:26
and a decision this important should be left to wiser men.
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ื•ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:30
These electors then voted for president.
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื– ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื ืฉื™ื.
02:33
All the states had to do was get their votes in on time.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
02:37
But there were glitches.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:39
Only 10 of the 13 states voted.
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ืจืง 10 ืžืชื•ืš 13 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•.
02:42
Rhode Island and North Carolina hadn't ratified the constitution and couldn't vote.
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ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ืœื ืื™ืฉืจืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
02:47
New York missed the deadline for naming its electors, and also was not counted.
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ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ืกืคืจื”.
02:53
When the votes were tallied, it was unanimous.
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืกืคืจื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ืื—ื“.
02:55
George Washington won easily. John Adams trailed far behind, finishing second, and became the vice president.
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื“ืžืก ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
03:03
Told of his victory, George Washington was not surprised.
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ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืชืข.
03:07
At Mount Vernon, his bags were already packed.
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ื‘ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื•ื–ื™ื.
03:11
He moved to New York City, the nation's temporary capital,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื™ืจืชื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”,
03:14
and he would have to figure out just what a president was supposed to do.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืฉื™ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืง.
03:19
Since that first election, American democracy and elections have come a long way.
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ืžืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:24
The constitution has been changed to open up voting to more people:
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื:
03:28
black men, women, Native Americans, and eighteen-year-olds included.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”.
03:33
Getting that basic right extended to all those people has been a long, hard struggle.
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ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื‘ืง ืืจื•ืš ื•ืงืฉื”.
03:40
So when you think you can't stand any more of those lawn signs,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืืœื”,
03:43
and TV ads, just remember:
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ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื•:
03:46
the right to vote wasn't always for everyone,
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ,
03:48
and that's a piece of history worth knowing.
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ื•ื–ื• ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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