What happens if you guess - Leigh Nataro

639,781 views ใƒป 2012-08-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Probability is an area of mathematics that is everywhere.
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:20
We hear about it in weather forecasts,
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
00:22
like there's an 80% chance of snow tomorrow.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 80% ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื—ืจ ืฉืœื’".
00:25
It's used in making predictions in sports,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
00:28
such as determining the odds for who will win the Super Bowl.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ.
00:31
Probability is also used in helping to set auto insurance rates
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘
00:34
and it's what keeps casinos and lotteries in business.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื•ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
00:39
How can probability affect you?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื?
00:41
Let's look at a simple probability problem.
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ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช.
00:44
Does it pay to randomly guess on all 10 questions
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ื”ืื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืืงืจืื™ ืืช ื›ืœ 10 ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:47
on a true/ false quiz?
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ?
00:49
In other words, if you were to toss a fair coin
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
00:52
10 times, and use it to choose the answers,
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10 ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:55
what is the probability you would get a perfect score?
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ืžื” ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื?
00:58
It seems simple enough. There are only two possible outcomes for each question.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™. ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื”.
01:03
But with a 10-question true/ false quiz,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ ืขื 10 ืฉืืœื•ืช,
01:06
there are lots of possible ways to write down different combinations
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืžืช" ื•"ืฉืงืจ".
01:09
of Ts and Fs. To understand how many different combinations,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
01:13
let's think about a much smaller true/ false quiz
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ื ื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
01:16
with only two questions. You could answer
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ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:19
"true true," or "false false," or one of each.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช "ืืžืช ืืžืช" ืื• "ืฉืงืจ ืฉืงืจ"
01:24
First "false" then "true," or first "true" then "false."
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ืื• "ืฉืงืจ ืืžืช" ืื• "ืืžืช ืฉืงืจ".
01:29
So that's four different ways to write the answers for a two-question quiz.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ 4 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ ืขื 2 ืฉืืœื•ืช.
01:34
What about a 10-question quiz?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื 10 ืฉืืœื•ืช?
01:37
Well, this time, there are too many to count and list by hand.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:41
In order to answer this question, we need to know the fundamental counting principle.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืœ.
01:47
The fundamental counting principle states
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืœ ืื•ืžืจ
01:49
that if there are A possible outcomes for one event,
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ืฉืื ื™ืฉ A ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืจืข ืื—ื“,
01:53
and B possible outcomes for another event,
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ื•-B ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืจืข ื ื•ืกืฃ,
01:56
then there are A times B ways to pair the outcomes.
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื A ื›ืคื•ืœ B ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
02:01
Clearly this works for a two-question true/ false quiz.
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื 2 ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ,
02:04
There are two different answers you could write for the first question,
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ื™ืฉ 2 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:07
and two different answers you could write for the second question.
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ื•-2 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:11
That makes 2 times 2, or, 4 different ways to write the answers for a two-question quiz.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2, ืื• 4 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื 2 ืฉืืœื•ืช.
02:18
Now let's consider the 10-question quiz.
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื 10 ืฉืืœื•ืช.
02:21
To do this, we just need to extend the fundamental counting principle a bit.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืœ.
02:26
We need to realize that there are two possible answers for each of the 10 questions.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืž-10 ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ 2 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
02:31
So the number of possible outcomes is
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื
02:34
2, times 2, times 2, times 2, times 2, times 2,
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2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2
02:43
times 2, times 2, times 2, times 2.
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ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื›ืคื•ืœ 2.
02:46
Or, a shorter way to say that is 2 to the 10th power,
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ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 10,
02:50
which is equal to 1,024.
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ืฉื”ื 1,024.
02:53
That means of all the ways you could write down your Ts and Fs,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืืžืช" ื•"ืฉืงืจ",
02:56
only one of the 1,024 ways would match the teacher's answer key perfectly.
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ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš 1,024 ืชืชืื™ื ืœืžืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.
03:02
So the probability of you getting a perfect score by guessing
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
03:05
is only 1 out of 1,024,
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง 1 ืžืชื•ืš 1,024,
03:08
or about a 10th of a percent.
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ืื• ื›ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–.
03:11
Clearly, guessing isn't a good idea.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
03:13
In fact, what would be the most common score
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—
03:15
if you and all your friends were to always randomly guess
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ืื ืืชื ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืจืื™ืช
03:19
at every question on a 10-question true/ false quiz?
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื 10 ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ?
03:22
Well, not everyone would get exactly 5 out of 10.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 5 ืžืชื•ืš 10.
03:26
But the average score, in the long run,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
03:29
would be 5.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” 5.
03:31
In a situation like this, there are two possible outcomes:
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ 2 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช:
03:34
a question is right or wrong,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
03:36
and the probability of being right by guessing
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ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
03:39
is always the same: 1/2.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื”ื”: ื—ืฆื™.
03:41
To find the average number you would get right by guessing,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
03:44
you multiply the number of questions
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ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช
03:46
by the probability of getting the question right.
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ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
03:49
Here, that is 10 times 1/2, or 5.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืงื‘ืœ 10 ื›ืคื•ืœ ื—ืฆื™, ืื• 5.
03:54
Hopefully you study for quizzes,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:56
since it clearly doesn't pay to guess.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื ื—ืฉ.
03:58
But at one point, you probably took a standardized test like the SAT,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื‘ื—ื ืชื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ ื›ืžื• SAT,
04:01
and most people have to guess on a few questions.
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ื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:04
If there are 20 questions and five possible answers
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ืื ื™ืฉื ื 20 ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•-5 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื”,
04:07
for each question, what is the probability you would get all 20 right
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ืžื” ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ 20 ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช
04:11
by randomly guessing?
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ืข"ื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืืงืจืื™?
04:13
And what should you expect your score to be?
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฆืคื• ืœืงื‘ืœ?
04:16
Let's use the ideas from before.
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:19
First, since the probability of getting a question right by guessing is 1/5,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช,
04:22
we would expect to get 1/5 of the 20 questions right.
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ื ืฆืคื” ืฉื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:26
Yikes - that's only four questions!
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ืื•ื™ - ืืœื” ืจืง 4 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช!
04:29
Are you thinking that the probability of getting all 20 questions correct is pretty small?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ 20 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”?
04:34
Let's find out just how small.
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”.
04:37
Do you recall the fundamental counting principle that was stated before?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืœ?
04:40
With five possible outcomes for each question,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 5 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื”,
04:43
we would multiply 5 times 5 times 5 times 5 times...
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ื ื›ืคื™ืœ 5 ื›ืคื•ืœ 5 ื›ืคื•ืœ 5 ื›ืคื•ืœ...
04:49
Well, we would just use 5 as a factor
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ื ื›ืคื™ืœ 5 20 ืคืขืžื™ื
04:52
20 times, and 5 to the 20th power
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ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ 5 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 20
04:55
is 95 trillion, 365 billion, 431 million,
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ืฉื”ื 95 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, 365 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, 431 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
05:02
648 thousand, 625. Wow - that's huge!
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648 ืืœืฃ, 625. ื•ื•ืื• - ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืง!
05:08
So the probability of getting all questions correct by randomly guessing
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ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืืงืจืื™
ื”ื™ื ื›-1 ืœ-95 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
05:12
is about 1 in 95 trillion.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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