Are naked mole rats the strangest mammals? - Thomas Park

588,365 views ใƒป 2018-05-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
What mammal has the social life of an insect,
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืง ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง,
00:09
the cold-bloodedness of a reptile,
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ื”ื“ื ื”ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
00:11
and the metabolism of a plant?
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—?
00:14
Bald and buck-toothed, naked mole rats may not be pretty,
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ืงืจื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื™ื,
00:18
but theyโ€™re extraordinary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
00:21
With a lifespan of 30 years,
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ืขื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 30 ืฉื ื”,
00:23
their peculiar traits have evolved over millions of years
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:26
to make them uniquely suited to survive harsh conditions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
00:30
especially long periods without oxygen.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
00:34
In the deserts of East Africa, naked mole rats feed on root vegetables.
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
00:39
They dig for the roots with teeth that can move independently, like chopsticks.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื•ื– ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื•ืคืกื˜ื™ืงืก.
00:44
But even with these special teeth,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:46
a single naked mole rat doesnโ€™t stand a chance of finding enough food;
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ืœื—ื•ืœื“ ืขืจื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ;
00:51
the roots are large and nutritious, but scattered far and wide.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
00:56
A large workforce has a much better chance,
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ืœื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:59
so naked mole rats live in colonies.
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ืื– ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
01:02
Similar to ants, bees, and termites, they build giant nests.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืžืœื™ื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
01:07
Housing up to 300 mole rats,
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ืฉืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืขื“ 300 ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื,
01:09
these colonies feature complex underground tunnel systems,
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
01:13
nest chambers,
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ื—ืœืœื™ ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ,
01:14
and community bathrooms.
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ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื.
01:16
Also like insects, naked mole rats have a rigid social structure.
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืจืงื™ื, ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงืฉื™ื—.
01:20
The dominant female, the queen,
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืœื›ื”,
01:22
and two to three males that she chooses,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช,
01:25
are the only naked mole rats in the colony who have babies.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
01:29
All the other naked mole rats,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:31
male and female,
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
01:33
are either soldiers, who defend the colony from possible invaders,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
01:36
or workers.
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ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:38
Teams of workers are dispatched to hunt for roots,
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ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
01:41
and their harvest feeds the whole colony.
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ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
01:44
Living in a colony helps naked mole rats find enough food,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ,
01:47
but when so many animals live in the same underground space,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืœ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™,
01:51
oxygen quickly runs out.
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:54
Mammals need a lot of oxygen;
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ;
01:56
we use it to make the energy that fuels everything
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืœ
01:58
from maintaining our body temperatures
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ืžืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ
02:00
to our heartbeats
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ื“ืจืš ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
02:02
to voluntary movements.
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ื•ืขื“ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:03
Without oxygen, we quickly die.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:06
In fact, no other mammal could survive the oxygen depletion
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฃ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ
02:10
experienced in a naked mole rat colony.
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ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
02:13
Naked mole rats can thrive in low oxygen
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ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ืš
02:16
in part because theyโ€™ve abandoned one of the body functions
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
02:20
that requires the most oxygen:
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ:
02:22
thermoregulation.
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ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:24
Most mammals are warm-blooded,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื,
02:26
meaning they have to keep their body temperature consistent.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:29
Naked mole rats donโ€™t get enough oxygen to do this.
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ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:32
Instead, theyโ€™re the only mammals
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
02:34
whose body temperature fluctuates with their environment,
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ืฉืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:38
making them cold-blooded, like reptiles.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื ืงืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื.
02:41
They also have a special type of hemoglobin,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ,
02:43
the molecule in the blood that transports oxygen.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:46
Their hemoglobin is much stickier for oxygen than ours
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ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื•
02:50
and can pick oxygen up even when itโ€™s scarce.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ.
02:54
In response to a real oxygen emergency,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ ื—ืจื•ื ื—ืžืฆื ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
02:57
naked mole rats enter a state of suspended animation.
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ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื“ืžืช.
03:01
They stop moving,
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ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–,
03:02
slow their breathing,
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ืžืื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:04
and dramatically lower their heart rate.
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ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:06
This greatly reduces the amount of energy, and therefore oxygen, they need.
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ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:11
At the same time, they begin to metabolize fructose, like a plant.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–, ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—.
03:16
Fructose is a sugar that can be used to make energy without burning oxygen.
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ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:21
Usually, mammals metabolize a different sugar called glucose
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–
03:25
that makes more energy than fructose,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–,
03:27
but glucose only works when oxygenโ€™s available.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:30
Human brain and heart cells have some cellular machinery to use fructose,
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ืœืชืื™ ื”ืžื— ื•ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–,
03:35
but not nearly as much as naked mole rats.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื.
03:38
Naked mole rats are, in fact, the only mammals known to have this ability.
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ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:43
While we can hope humans wonโ€™t ever need
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื•
03:46
to exclusively live in underground tunnels,
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช,
03:48
there are many situations where we would benefit from needing less oxygen.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:53
During heart attacks and other medical emergencies,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื—ืจื•ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:56
people often die or sustain debilitating organ damage from oxygen deprivation.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื ื–ืง ืžืฉืชืง ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:02
Could we replicate the naked mole ratโ€™s use of the fructose pathway
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–
04:06
for human health?
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
04:08
It took millions of years of evolution to bring the behavior of an insect,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
04:12
the temperature regulation of a reptile,
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ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
04:14
and the energy production of a plant
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ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
04:16
together in one little mammal,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ืง ืงื˜ืŸ,
04:19
but maybe, with enough study,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™, ืขื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื—ืงืจ,
04:21
we can replicate just a few of their wild adaptations.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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