How whales breathe, communicate ... and fart with their faces - Joy Reidenberg

58,306 views ใƒป 2014-04-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Hi, everybody!
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช,
00:07
I am a comparative anatomist.
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00:09
A comparative anatomist is someone who studies the structure of the body
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ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจืช
ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:12
of lots of different animals.
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00:14
And my favorite animals are whales.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
00:15
I like to study whales because they're so interesting.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:18
They've adapted to a unique environment of living in the water.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
00:21
And what I'm going to tell you about is how whales make sounds
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื”
ืื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
00:24
by basically farting with their face.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœืฆื” ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:27
You know that they do this farting thing with their blowhole;
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืื”
ืขื ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื; ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ื›ื”,
00:30
they blow out air like that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:32
but they also use air in lots of other ways.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
00:34
They use it for sound production, which is what I'll focus on,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
00:37
but I also study other things they do with air,
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:39
like keep it out of their bloodstream so they don't get bubbles,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
00:42
which is what happens to human scuba divers
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ืœืช ืืžื•ื“ืื™ื.
00:44
when they get decompression sickness.
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00:46
But I'd like to start with the story
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:47
of how these animals make these farting noises,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืจืขืฉื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:50
and that story begins with understanding how hard it is to look at whales,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”
ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
00:53
because they live underwater and they're really big,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:56
so they're hard animals to study.
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ.
00:58
And in this picture -- you see that animal in the middle?
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข?
01:00
That's a baby whale and it's already the size of a bus!
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ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
01:03
When you look at whales, start with the top of their head
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
ืขื ืงืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
01:06
because their nose is on the top of their head,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืœื”ื.
01:08
kind of like a built-in snorkel.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.
01:10
They breathe through that because they're mammals
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
01:12
and mammals breathe air.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื ื•ืžื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:14
Their nose can be opened and closed,
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ื•ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ืกื’ืจ,
01:15
as if you were to pinch it like this.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื›ื”,
01:17
You can see it's open in the bottom frame, where the red arrows are.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉื
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:20
But not all whales have two nostrils.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื.
01:23
Whales include the groups of dolphins and porpoises,
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ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจืคื•ืกื™ื,
01:25
and dolphins and porpoises, the small whales,
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ื•ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืคื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:27
have only one nostril on the top of their head,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื ื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:30
and they open and close that nostril
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ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:32
by taking what is essentially an upper lip, like this,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื›ื›ื”,
01:35
and turning it back over their nose, like this.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ื›ื”.
01:38
That's how they open and close their nose.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:41
So when they make sounds,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
01:42
what they're basically doing is a raspberry,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืืกืคื‘ืจื™,
01:44
(Makes raspberry sound) which is kind of like a fart, right?
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ื›ืžื• [ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื”], ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:47
Or up in New York, we call it a Bronx cheer.
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ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืชืจื•ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก.
01:49
And the way they do that
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช
01:51
is by taking that big, fatty structure of a big fat lip,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื ื”,
01:54
which, as you can see here in this picture,
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
01:56
which is a cut through the middle of a dolphin's head,
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ืฉื–ื” ื—ืชืš ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ,
01:58
that big fat lip is that big yellow portion there,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื,
02:01
and they roll it back and forth over the top of their nose
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
02:04
so that they vibrate it,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืจืขื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:05
kind of like when you let the air out of a balloon
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ืœื•ืŸ
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:08
and it makes that weird vibration sound.
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02:10
So this is what it sounds like when they make their noise:
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:12
(Vibration noise)
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[ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื]
02:13
Hear it? He'll do it again when he faces the camera.
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื ื” ืœืžืฆืœืžื”.
[ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื]
02:16
(Vibration noise)
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02:17
Sounds like it's farting underwater.
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
02:19
What that dolphin is actually doing, though, is echolocation,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื ื–ืืช
ื–ื” ืืงื• ืœื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
02:22
which is making these series of pulses,
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02:24
and it uses it like a bat uses sonar.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื˜ืœืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื ืืจ.
02:26
Well, a bat uses radar, but when it's underwater it's sonar,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื“ืืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
ื–ื” ืกื•ื ืืจ, ืื– ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ื ืืจ
02:29
so this animal is using sonar to see its world in sound.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:33
Trying to understand how this works, you have to look at it
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
02:36
as if you were looking at the amplifier speakers of a sound system.
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ื‘ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืข,
02:39
The small-toothed whales are basically the "tweeters,"
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ ื”ืฉืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื” "ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื,"
02:41
and the sound is coming from that little nose
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
ืฉื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”
02:44
that's moving back and forth and coming out of their forehead.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžืฆื— ืฉืœื”ื.
02:46
But the big whales are kind of like the "woofers,"
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ื”"ื•ื•ืคืจ,"
02:49
the big speakers that you have in an amplifier system.
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ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
02:52
And what's happening is their sound is coming out of the throat.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ.
02:55
So if you tried to make sound like a whale --
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ,
02:57
make a sound right now, and go, "ahhhhhh."
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืชืขืฉื• "ืื”."
03:00
OK, now put your hand on your throat, on your Adam's apple.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื?
03:03
You feel that vibration right there?
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03:06
That is lost energy for you,
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ื–ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
03:08
because that's not how you communicate to everybody.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื›ื” ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.
03:10
You do it out of the mouth.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”.
03:11
But if you open your mouth underwater, no one will hear you.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืืชื›ื.
03:14
You have to be able to take this energy and amplify it through the water.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื,
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
03:18
That's what whales do.
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03:19
And when you hear their sound --
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
[ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื]
03:21
(Squeaking sound)
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03:22
it's kind of like when you squeak the air out of a balloon.
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ? ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืฅ,
03:25
So they get a lot of squeaky noises,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”:
03:27
but they also have this sound:
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03:28
(Vibrating sound)
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[ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื]
03:30
It sounds like it's farting, doesn't it?
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ืฅ, ืœื?
03:32
It's like it's got this giant whoopee cushion in its throat.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืจื™ืช ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ.
03:36
So, how do you know that's what a whale is doing?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”?
03:38
Well, we study whales that come to us from strandings.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื—ืคื•ืช.
03:40
These are animals that die on the beach.
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ืืœื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
03:42
Small whales like dolphins and porpoises are easy;
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจืคื•ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื ืงืœื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:45
we can take them to the lab.
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03:46
But the big whales -- we've got to bring the lab to the whale.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:49
And this is what that looks like.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
03:51
I'm the one in the middle with the red hat.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื.
03:54
I'm not a very tall person,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
03:55
so you can see how big this whale was compared to me.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืœื™.
ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 22 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ืื™ื–ืžืœ ืฉืœื™
03:58
The whale is 65 feet long.
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03:59
And my scalpel is this little tool on the side here.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืคื”.
04:02
It basically looks like a hockey stick with a blade on the end of it.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืงืœ ื”ื•ืงื™
ืขื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœื•.
04:05
And doing a dissection of a whale is a very difficult process.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
04:08
You literally have to get into your work.
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:10
It's kind of like a giant bloody construction zone.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืžื“ืžื.
04:13
You're wearing a hard hat,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืงืกื“ื”,
04:14
you're working with heavy machinery.
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ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:16
In this case, by the way,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
04:17
that's just the voice box of a blue whale.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ,ืจืง ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
04:20
Just the voice box.
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04:21
I'm only five feet tall -- you can see it's like 12 feet long.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืง ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื.
04:24
How do we know what's going on?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ืื• ืœืจื™ื ืงืก,
04:26
Well, we look at the voice box, or larynx,
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04:28
and we see -- this is from a baby whale so it's much smaller.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื– ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:31
You see this little u-shaped thing I've outlined in blue.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช "U"
ืฉืกื™ืžื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ;
04:34
That's the part that's vibrating.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜.
04:35
It's kind of like our vocal folds.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:37
When I put my hand in there, where that blue sleeve is,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื,
ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
04:40
you can see there's a sack underneath it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉืง ืžืชื—ืช.
ื–ื• ื›ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื.
04:42
That's the whoopee cushion.
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04:43
That's the air bubble or the balloon.
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ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
04:45
So what these animals are doing --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช,
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:47
and you can see, there's this big black balloon in the throat,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื”,
04:50
where the digestive tract, which is in blue,
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ื ืคื’ืฉืช ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
04:52
meets the breathing tract, which is in light blue,
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04:54
and right in the middle is that black sack.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื”,
ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:56
These animals are using that sack to make these sounds.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืง ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:59
And so they vibrate that and send it out.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืจื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:01
Small-toothed whales also have air sacks; they're all over their heads,
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ื’ื ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืฉืŸ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืง ืื•ื™ืจ,
ื•ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
05:05
so it's like they're airheads.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืืฉ ืื•ื™ืจ.
05:06
They use this to capture as much air as they can
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
05:08
to take down with them when they're diving,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืื™ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื.
05:10
because when you dive, pressures increase,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ,
05:13
and that decreases the volume of air you have available.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื.
05:15
But more importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื
05:16
having that sack allows them to recycle the air that they're using,
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ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
05:20
because air is a precious commodity.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืจืš ื™ืงืจ.
ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื
05:22
You don't want to have to go back up to the surface to get more.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืจ.
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
05:25
So when you make a sound underwater, if you're a whale --
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ืื ืืชื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ,
05:27
let's hear you start making a sound, go "ahhhh."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืžืข ืืชื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
ืชืขืฉื• "ืื”."
05:30
But whales keep their mouths closed, so go "ahhhmm."
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืื– ืชืขืฉื•
[ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ืช]
05:32
(Audience makes noise)
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05:33
You're all humming, right?
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ืืชื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื”ืžื”ืžื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืชืขืฉื•
05:35
But whales keep their nose closed and go, "mmmm."
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[ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื•ืช]
05:37
(Makes noise)
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05:38
What happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”? ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:40
You can't make the sound anymore once you close your nose
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฃ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
05:43
because you've pressurized the system.
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05:44
Whales, by having air sacks, keep themselves from pressurizing the system,
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ืื– ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืง ืื•ื™ืจ
ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
05:48
which means the air continues to flow,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ื,
05:50
and so if you had a bag on the end of your nose,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืฉืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืฃ,
05:52
you'd be able to make air continue to flow.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ื.
05:55
So I hope you've enjoyed that.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื”ื ืชื ืžื–ื”.
05:56
That's what a comparative anatomist does for a living.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื”.
05:59
We study the structure of these animals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
06:01
We try to mimic it; we apply it back to the human situation,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:03
maybe making new technologies for protective devices
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื™ื,
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื”
06:07
or maybe even making new treatments for medicines
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06:09
for people's diseases who mimic these weird environments.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
06:12
So I hope you enjoyed that. Thank you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื”ื ืชื ืžื–ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
06:14
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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