Can you solve the stolen rubies riddle? - Dennis Shasha

3,743,224 views ใƒป 2018-10-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
One of the kingdomโ€™s most prosperous merchants
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”
00:09
has been exposed for his corrupt dealings.
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ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:13
Nearly all of his riches
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•
00:14
are invested in a collection
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ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ
00:16
of 30 exquisite Burmese rubies,
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ืฉืœ 30 ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืจืžื”,
00:19
and the crowd in the square
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ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ
00:21
is clamoring for their confiscation
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ื–ื•ืขืง ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
00:23
to reimburse his victims.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
00:25
But the scoundrel and his allies at court
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ืฉืข ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
00:28
have made a convincing case
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ื˜ืขื ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข
00:29
that at least some of his wealth
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ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืฉืจื•
00:31
was obtained legitimately,
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ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™,
00:33
and through good service to the crown.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืชืจ.
00:35
The king ponders for a minute
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ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืงื”
00:37
and announces his judgment.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
00:39
Because thereโ€™s no way to know
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช
00:40
which portion of the rubies were bought with ill-gotten wealth,
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ื ืงื ื• ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืจืžื”,
00:44
the fine will be determined through a game of wits between the merchant
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ื”ืงื ืก ื™ืงื‘ืข ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ
00:48
and the kingโ€™s most clever advisor โ€“ you.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš - ืืชื.
00:52
Youโ€™re both told the rules in advance.
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ืœืฉื ื™ื›ื ื ืืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืจืืฉ.
00:54
The merchant will be allowed to discreetly divide his rubies
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ืœืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
00:57
among three boxes, which will then be placed in front of you.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช, ืฉืื– ื™ืžืงืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
01:02
You will be given three cards,
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ืœื›ื ื™ื ืชื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืœืคื™ื,
01:04
and must write a number between 1 and 30 on each,
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 ืœ- 30 ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
01:08
before putting a card in front of each of the boxes.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืงืœืฃ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช.
01:12
The boxes will then all be opened.
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื™ื™ืคืชื—ื•.
01:15
For each box, you will receive exactly
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื”, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
01:17
as many rubies as the number written on the corresponding card,
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ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืœืฃ ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
01:21
if the box has that many.
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ืื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื•.
01:23
But if your number is greater than the number of rubies actually there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื”,
01:27
the scoundrel gets to keep the entire box.
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ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื”.
01:30
The king puts just two constraints on how the scoundrel distributes his rubies.
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ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื.
01:36
Each box must contain at least two rubies
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื
01:40
and one of the boxes must contain exactly six more rubies than anotherโ€”
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจืช --
01:45
but you wonโ€™t know which boxes those are.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืืœ ืชื“ืขื• ืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืืœื•.
01:48
After a few minutes of deliberation,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
01:50
the merchant hides the gems, and the boxes are brought in front of you.
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ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
01:54
Which numbers should you choose
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
01:56
in order to guarantee the largest possible fine for the scoundrel
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืงื ืก ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ืœ
02:00
and the greatest compensation for his victims?
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ื•ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•?
02:03
Pause the video now if you want to figure it out for yourself.
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ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
02:07
Answer in 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 3
02:08
Answer in 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 2
02:09
Answer in 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 1
02:11
You donโ€™t want to overshoot by being too greedy.
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ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื.
02:14
But there is a way you can guarantee
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
02:16
to get more than half of the scoundrelโ€™s stash.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืื™.
02:20
The situation resembles an adversarial game like chess โ€“
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื— --
02:24
only here you canโ€™t see the opponentโ€™s position.
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ืจืง ืฉืคื” ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘.
02:27
To figure out the minimum number of rubies youโ€™re guaranteed to win,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชื–ื›ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ,
02:31
you need to look for the worst case scenario,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:34
as if the merchant already knew your move
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื›ื
02:36
and could arrange the rubies to minimize your winnings.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:40
Because you have no way of knowing which boxes will have more or fewer rubies,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื,
02:44
you should pick the same number for each.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช.
02:47
Suppose you write three 9โ€™s.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” 9.
02:49
The scoundrel might have allocated the rubies as 8, 14 and 8.
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ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืงื ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื ื› 8, 14 ื• 8.
02:54
In that case, youโ€™d receive 9 from the middle box and no others.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ืชืงื‘ืœื• 9 ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•.
02:59
On the other hand, you can be sure that at least two boxes
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
03:02
have a minimum of 8 rubies.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 8 ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื.
03:04
Hereโ€™s why.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
03:05
Weโ€™ll start by assuming the opposite,
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš,
03:08
that two boxes have 7 or fewer.
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ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื™ืฉ 7 ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:10
Those could not be the two that differ by 6,
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ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 6,
03:13
because every box must have at least 2 rubies.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2 ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื.
03:16
In that case, the third box would have at most 13 rubiesโ€”thatโ€™s 7 plus 6.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื 13 ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื -- ื–ื” 7 ื•ืขื•ื“ 6.
03:23
Add up all three of those boxes,
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:25
and the most that could equal is 27.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ื” 27.
03:28
Since thatโ€™s less than 30,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 30,
03:30
this scenario isnโ€™t possible.
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ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:32
You now know, by whatโ€™s called a proof by contradiction,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืคื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“,
03:35
that two of the boxes have 8 or more rubies.
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ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื™ืฉ 8 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื.
03:39
If you ask for 8 from all three boxes
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ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• 8 ืžื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
03:42
youโ€™ll receive at least 16โ€”
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 16 --
03:44
and thatโ€™s the best you can guarantee,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—,
03:46
as you can see by thinking again about the 8, 14, 8 scenario.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ื” 8,14,8.
03:51
Youโ€™ve recovered more than half the scoundrelโ€™s fortune
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ื”ืฉื‘ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ
03:54
as restitution for the public.
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ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:56
And though heโ€™s managed to hold on to some of his rubies,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื,
03:59
his fortune has definitely lost some of its shine.
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ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื•ื”ืงื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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