A creative solution for the water crisis in Flint, Michigan | LaToya Ruby Frazier

50,688 views ・ 2019-12-19

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:13
So, in 2016,
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2016 年,
00:17
I was commissioned to produce a photo essay
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我受委託要製作一本相片特輯,
00:19
about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.
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內容是密西根州 弗林特的水資源危機。
00:23
And that's been going on since 2014.
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危機從 2014 年就開始了。
00:27
And I accepted the commission
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我接下了這個委託,
00:29
with the idea that I would photograph three generations of women
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因為我認為我可以拍攝 三個世代的女性
00:33
dealing with the crisis on a daily basis.
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每天都在處理這項危機。
00:38
I was fortunate to meet two best friends,
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我很幸運能夠遇到兩位最棒的朋友、
00:41
artists, activists and poets Amber Hasan and Shea Cobb,
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藝術家、活動家,及詩人, 安柏哈山及希亞柯柏,
00:46
who took me around Flint.
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她們帶我到佛林特各處去看。
00:49
As a school bus driver, Shea Cobb became the central figure
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希亞柯柏是校車的司機,
她成了這本相片特緝的中心人物,
00:53
of the photo essay,
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00:54
along with her mother, Ms. Renée,
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另外還有她的母親,瑞妮女士, 及她的八歲女兒,吉昂。
00:56
and her eight-year-old daughter, Zion.
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00:59
I obsessively followed Shea's school bus routes.
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我著魔似地跟著希亞的校車路線。
01:03
And when Shea wasn't driving the bus,
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當希亞沒有在開車時,
01:06
she would be watching over Zion, making sure she was studying.
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她會去照顧吉昂, 確保她有在讀書。
01:11
I embedded myself in every intimate facet of Shea's life.
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我進入了希亞生活中的 每個親密面向。
01:16
When Shea took me to Zion's school,
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當希亞帶我去吉昂的學校,
01:19
and I saw the water fountains covered with signs that said,
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我看到飲水器上滿是標牌,寫著:
01:22
"Contaminated. Do not drink,"
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「受污染。不可飲用。」
01:25
I couldn't pick up my camera to photograph it.
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我無法拿起相機把它拍下來。
01:29
It rocked me to the core to see that in America,
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我感到非常震撼, 竟然會在美國看到這種事,
01:33
we can go from fountains that say "Whites" or "Blacks only,"
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我們過去的飲水器可能會標示 「僅限白人」或「僅限黑人」,
01:37
to today seeing fountains that say,
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現在竟然會看到飲水器標示著
01:39
"Contaminated water. Do not drink."
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「受污染。不可飲用。」
01:42
And somehow, that's acceptable?
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而這竟然是可以接受的?
01:47
The residents in Flint have been forced to drink with,
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佛林特的居民被迫要拿瓶裝水
01:50
cook with and bathe with bottled water,
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來飲用、煮菜,和洗澡,
01:54
while paying the highest water bills in the country
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還要支付全國最貴的水費帳單,
01:57
for water that is infected with deadly legionella bacteria.
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得到的水卻受到 致命的軍團菌感染。
02:03
It was natural for me to go to Flint,
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我去佛林特是很自然的事,
02:05
because industrial pollution, bacteria-contaminated water
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因為工業污染、被細菌污染的水,
02:09
were all too familiar for me growing up in my hometown, Braddock, Pennsylvania,
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對我這個在賓州布拉多克 長大的人來說實在太熟悉了,
02:15
where my mother and I battled cancer
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在布拉多克,我母親 和我曾經要對抗癌症
02:19
and autoimmune disorders like lupus.
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以及自動免疫系統疾病,如狼瘡。
02:23
Our 14-year collaboration, "The Notion of Family,"
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我們十四年的合作成果, 《家庭的觀念》,
02:27
was created out of our struggle to survive environmental racism,
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立基在我們的掙扎上,
我們努力求生存, 對抗環境種族主義、
02:32
healthcare inequity
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健康照護不平等,
02:34
and chemical emissions that were being deregulated
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以及因為管制解除,
美國鋼鐵公司開始排放化學物質,
02:38
and released from the United States Steel Corporation,
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02:42
making Braddock the town with the highest asthma and infant mortality rates
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讓布拉多克成為全國氣喘
和嬰兒死亡率最高的小鎮。
02:49
in the country.
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02:51
From the Monongahela River to the Flint River,
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從莫農加希拉河到弗林特河,
02:54
in the words of W.E.B. Du Bois,
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借用 W.E.B. 杜波依斯的說法:
02:58
"The town, the whole valley, has turned its back upon the river.
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「小鎮,整個山谷,都背棄了這條河。
03:04
It has used it as a sewer, as a drain,
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小鎮把河當作下水道、排水溝、
03:06
as a place for throwing their waste."
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丟棄廢棄物的地方。」
03:11
General Motors has been cited for dumping chemicals in the Flint River
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數十年來,通用汽車都因為
將化學物質棄置在 弗林特河裡而被傳訊。
03:15
for decades.
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03:18
When my photo essay "Flint is Family" came out in August of 2016,
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當我的相片特輯《弗林特是家人》 在 2016 年八月推出時,
03:23
it was released to remind America
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目的是要提醒美國,
03:25
that although Flint was no longer headline news,
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雖然弗林特已經不再是頭條新聞,
03:28
the water crisis was far from over.
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水資源危機卻還沒結束,還差得遠。
03:32
And, of course, I knew
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當然,我知道
03:33
it was going to take more than a series of photographs on my part
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光由我這裡推出一系列照片
03:37
to bring relief to the people in Vehicle City.
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不足以為這個汽車城的人減輕問題。
03:43
Shea and I bonded over our mothers and grandmothers.
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希亞和我是因為我們的 母親及祖母而產生連結,
03:46
Amber and I bonded over our battles with lupus.
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安柏和我是因為 對抗狼瘡而產生連結。
03:49
Together, we decided to remain in each other's life
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我們一起決定要繼續 留在彼此的生命中,
03:53
and continue our creative efforts.
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繼續做出有創意的貢獻。
03:57
In 2017, Shea and Amber cofounded artist collective The Sister Tour,
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2017 年,希亞和安柏
共同創辦了藝術家集團「姐妹之旅」,
04:03
whose mission is to provide a safe space for Flint artists.
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旨在提供安全的空間 給弗林特的藝術家。
04:08
One year later,
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一年後,
04:09
I mounted my solo exhibition, "Flint is Family,"
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我舉辦了我的個人展 《弗林特是家人》,
04:13
here in New York City at Gavin Brown's Enterprise
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地點在紐約市西 127 街上的畫廊
04:16
on West 127th Street.
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「 Gavin Brown's Enterprise」。
04:20
As the audience approaches the facade of the building,
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當觀眾接近建築物的正面,
04:23
they see a 30-foot billboard.
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他們會看到一個 三十英呎的廣告牌。
04:25
The 30-foot billboard is made of three large color negatives
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這個三十英呎的廣告牌是由 三張大型彩色底片做成的,
04:29
with the message "Water Is Life,"
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上面訊息是「水就是生命」,
04:31
spelled out in Nestle water bottles by The Sister Tour.
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姐妹之旅用雀巢的水瓶 把這些字拼出來。
04:36
Nestle, the largest water-bottling company in the world,
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雀巢是世界上最大的 瓶裝水製造公司,
04:40
pumps 400 gallons of water per minute out of aquifers in Lake Michigan,
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每分鐘能從密西根湖的地下 蓄水層將四百加侖的水抽出,
04:45
nearly free of charge.
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幾乎完全不用花錢。
04:48
The company also extracts millions of liters of water
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該公司也會從原住民保留區內
04:51
from First Nation reservations,
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抽取數百萬公升的水,
04:54
while they have no access to clean water at all.
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而這些原住民根本 無法取得乾淨用水。
04:59
This is a fundraiser print that I used to raise money
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這是個資金籌集的記號, 我用它來募資,
05:02
to send The Sister Tour to different venues
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讓姐妹之旅能夠前往不同的地點
05:05
to educate people on the ongoing crisis.
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針對當前危機進行教育。
05:09
I also continued to keep it in the public eye
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我也讓它持續公開曝光,
05:12
by producing countdown flags
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製作倒數旗子,
05:14
that were raised on institutions across the country.
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立在全國各地的機構上。
05:18
This past June, Amber emailed me with the news
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去年六月,安柏寫信 告訴我一個消息,
05:21
that Michigan's attorney general dropped all criminal charges
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密西根的首席檢察官
放棄弗林特水資源危機 調查案的所有控告,
05:25
in the Flint Water Crisis investigation,
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05:28
where eight state and city employees
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本來有八個州和市的員工
05:30
were facing charges as serious as manslaughter.
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要面臨控訴,嚴重到殺人罪都有。
05:35
I could no longer idly stand by
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我不能再袖手旁觀
05:38
and wait for the government to do its job.
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等著政府盡責了。
05:42
Justice has been delayed,
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公義已經被拖延,
05:45
and justice has been denied.
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公義已經被否認。
05:48
It's been five years,
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已經五年了,
05:49
and we're still waiting on justice for the men, women and children in Flint.
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我們還在等弗林特的男人、 女人、孩子得到公義的對待。
05:56
I asked Amber, "What can I do?"
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我問安柏:「我能做什麼?」
05:58
She told me about a man named Moses West that she met in Puerto Rico,
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她告訴我,她在波多黎各 認識了摩西 · 維斯特,
06:04
who invented a 26,000-pound atmospheric water generator.
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他發明了兩萬六千磅的
空氣製水機。
06:12
Amber took Moses to elected officials in the city of Flint.
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安柏帶摩西去見 弗林特市的民選官員。
06:17
None of them seemed interested in bringing the machine for relief to Flint at all.
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他們似乎對於用這台機器 來解決弗林特的問題不感興趣。
06:24
Amber needed to get the machine from a military base in Texas
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安柏得要把這台機器 從德州的軍事基地
06:28
all the way to Flint.
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一路帶到弗林特。
06:31
Nobody in Flint had that kind of money lying around.
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弗林特沒有人有那樣的閒錢。
06:35
And it was at that point that I decided
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那時,我下了決定,
06:39
to take the proceeds from my solo exhibition "Flint is Family,"
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把我從《弗林特是家人》 個人展得到的收益
06:43
along with the generous match grant from the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation,
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和羅伯特 · 勞森伯格基金會的慷慨贊助
06:48
and sent it to Moses West.
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都交給摩西 · 維斯特。
06:52
This past July,
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去年七月,
06:54
Moses West and his atmospheric water generator arrived to Flint, Michigan,
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摩西 · 維斯特和他的空氣製水機 抵達了密西根州的弗林特,
06:59
on North Saginaw between Marengo and Pulaski,
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設置在北薩吉諾, 馬倫哥和普瓦斯基之間,
07:03
and is actually still there right now, operating.
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現在它仍然在那裡運作。
07:08
This community that sits three miles from downtown
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這個社區離鬧區有三英里的距離,
07:12
has been stripped of its schools,
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已經被剝奪了學校,
07:15
access to healthy grocery stores
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沒有健康雜貨店,也沒有乾淨用水。
07:17
and clean water.
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07:19
Socially, it's viewed as a violent, poor community.
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在社會面上,它被視為 是個暴力、貧窮的社區。
07:22
But I see something completely different.
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但我看見的完全不同。
07:27
Moses, an officer, Ranger, veteran,
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摩西是個軍官、騎兵、退伍軍人,
07:32
was very clear about his water rescue mission:
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他非常清楚他的這項 水資源拯救任務:
07:37
Bring relief of free, clean water to the people in Flint.
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把救濟用的免費、 乾淨用水帶給弗林特的人。
07:42
Teach them how to use the machine,
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教導他們如何使用這台機器,
07:44
teach them how to take care of it,
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教導他們如何照顧它,
07:46
and most importantly, take ownership of the machine.
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最重要的,是為它負責。
07:50
Tell everybody across the city to bring all their containers
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告訴全市各地的人, 把他們的容器帶來,
07:54
and come and take as much water as they can stock up on,
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能帶走多少水就帶走多少水,
07:58
especially before the winter season hits;
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特別是在冬季到來之前;
08:01
the machine doesn't extract moisture in freezing temperatures.
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在冰凍的氣溫下, 這台機器無法取得濕氣。
08:05
This technology pulls air through a high-volume air filter.
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這項技術是從高量 空氣過濾器取得空氣,
08:11
It mechanically creates condensation,
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它會用機械式的方法造成凝結,
08:14
which produces 2,000 gallons of water per day.
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每天能產出兩千加侖的水。
08:20
Residents are free to walk up to the machine
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每天早上九點到晚上八點,
08:22
anywhere between 9am and 8pm daily
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居民可以免費去用這台機器,
08:27
and take as much as they want,
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想要多少水就拿多少,
08:29
alleviating them from standing in long lines for bottled water.
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讓他們不用大排長龍 去取得瓶裝水。
08:34
I've been at the machine, interviewing people, asking them,
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我在那台機器旁 進行訪談,我問他們:
08:37
"What does it mean to see Moses and his machine in [your] community?"
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「在你的社區看到摩西 和他的機器,有什麼意涵?」
08:41
And, "What has it been like living without access to clean water?"
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及「無法取得乾淨用水的 生活是什麼樣子的?」
08:46
Alita told me,
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艾莉塔告訴我:
08:47
"It's a miracle that God gave Moses the knowledge and technology
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「這是個奇蹟,神給予 摩西這些知識和技術,
08:53
to provide us with pure drinking water."
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來提供我們純淨的飲用水。」
08:57
She also told me that prior to the machine coming,
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她還告訴我, 在這台機器到來之前,
09:00
she had severe headaches,
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她有嚴重的頭痛,
09:02
and the water made her so sick to her stomach,
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水讓她連胃都很難過,
09:05
she couldn't eat.
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到無法進食的程度。
09:08
Tina told me that the lead-contaminated water
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蒂娜告訴我,被鉛污染的水
09:11
made her hair fall out.
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讓她的頭髮掉光。
09:13
Usually, she's weak and very light-headed.
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通常,她都很虛弱且會頭昏眼花。
09:17
Since using the machine, she's had energy and strength.
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從開始用那台機器之後, 她便有了能量和力氣。
09:24
David, he was overwhelmed with joy that someone from Texas cared.
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大衛,他實在太高興 德州會有人會在乎這件事。
09:30
When he tasted the water, he thought to himself,
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當他嚐到水時,他心想:
09:32
"Now, this is the way God intended water to be."
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「神創造的水應該是這樣子的。」
09:37
He brings three seven-gallon containers to refill
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他帶了三個七加侖的容器來裝水,
09:41
to use at his barbecue stand.
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要用在他的烤肉攤上。
09:45
Through creativity and solidarity,
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透過創意和團結,
09:48
Amber Hasan, Shea Cobb,
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安柏 · 哈山、希亞 · 柯柏、
09:51
Tuklor Senegal, The Sister Tour,
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圖克勒 · 山尼葛、姐妹之旅、
09:54
myself, the people of Flint,
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我自己、弗林特人、
09:57
Dexter Moon, Moses West and his atmospheric water generator
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戴克斯特 · 慕恩、摩西 · 維斯特,
以及他的空氣製水機
10:03
have been able to provide 120,000 gallons
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得以提供出十二萬加侖的
10:08
of free, clean water.
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免費乾淨用水。
10:10
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:17
The people in Flint deserve access to clean water.
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弗林特的人本來就應該 要能取得乾淨用水。
10:20
Water is life.
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水就是生命。
10:22
It is the spirit that binds us
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這個精神連結著我們,
10:25
from sickness, death and destruction.
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對抗疾病、死亡,和摧毀。
10:29
Imagine how many millions of lives we could save
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想像一下,我們還能拯救多少生命,
10:33
if Moses's machine were in places like Newark, New Jersey,
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只要我們能把摩西的機器 安裝在新澤西州的紐華克、
10:37
South Africa
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南非,和印度,
10:39
and India,
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10:40
with compassion instead of profit motives.
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且動機是同情而不是利潤。
10:45
I loaded my camera,
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我準備好我的相機,鎖定焦點,
10:47
I locked my focus,
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10:49
and I placed my finger over the shutter release,
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我把我的手指放在快門按鈕上,
10:51
as Shea and Zion went to take their first sip of clean water.
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等著希亞和吉昂 去品嚐第一口乾淨水。
10:57
When the shutter released,
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按下快門時,
10:58
I was overcome with a deep sense of joy and righteousness.
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我充滿了深刻的喜悅和正直感。
11:04
When I sent Shea some of the photographs,
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我把一些照片寄給希亞,她寫道:
11:07
she wrote,
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11:08
"Thank you again for the light that you bring to my city."
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「再次謝謝你把光帶到我的城市。」
11:13
I immediately replied,
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我馬上回覆:
11:15
"The light was already there within you."
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「光早就在你的內心了。」
11:21
It's been four years since I've been photographing in Flint,
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我在弗林特拍照是四年前的事,
11:25
and finally, I've been able to render a poetic justice.
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終於,我讓正義得以伸張。
11:32
No matter how dark a situation may be,
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不論情況有多黑暗,
11:36
a camera can extract the light and turn a negative into a positive.
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相機能都取得光線, 把底片(負面)變成正面。
11:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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