Karina Galperin: Should we simplify spelling? (with English subtitles) | TED

71,899 views ・ 2017-04-06

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00:00
Translator: Tomás Guarna Reviewer: Sebastian Betti
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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yabing Lv
00:12
We lost a lot of time at school learning spelling.
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我們過去在學校 花了很多時間學習拼字,
00:17
Kids are still losing a lot of time at school with spelling.
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現在孩子們仍然在學校 花很多時間學習拼字。
00:24
That's why I want to share a question with you:
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這就是為什麼我要 與各位分享一個問題:
00:29
Do we need new spelling rules?
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我們是否需要新的拼字規則?
00:33
I believe that yes, we do.
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我相信是的,我們需要。
00:35
Or even better, I think we need to simplify the ones we already have.
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我認為更好的做法的是, 我們要簡化既有的拼字規則。
00:41
Neither the question nor the answer are new in the Spanish language.
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對於西班牙語而言, 這個問題和答案都不是新的。
00:45
They have been bouncing around from century to century
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一個世紀接著一個世紀, 它們一直在被討論著。
00:49
since 1492, when in the first grammar guide of the Spanish language,
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1492 年,安東尼奧德內布里亞 在其所著的第一本
00:55
Antonio de Nebrija, set a clear and simple principle for our spelling:
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西班牙語語法指南中,制定了 清晰且簡單的拼字原則:
01:00
"... thus, we have to write words as we pronounce them,
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「...因此,我們寫出字詞的方式 必須和讀出它們的方式一樣,
01:03
and pronounce words as we write them."
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讀出字詞的方式也要 和寫出它們的方式一樣。」
01:06
Each sound was to correspond to one letter,
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每一個音對應一個字母,
01:09
each letter was to represent a single sound,
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每一個字母代表單一個音,
01:12
and those which did not represent any sound should be removed.
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而那些沒有代表任何音的字母 都應該被刪除。
01:19
This approach, the phonetic approach,
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這個語音學方法,
01:21
which says we have to write words as we pronounce them,
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指的是字詞的寫法 應該要依據它們的讀法,
01:25
both is and isn't at the root of spelling as we practice it today.
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這個方法同時是也不是 我們現今拼字的根源。
01:30
It is, because the Spanish language, in contrast to English, French or others,
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「是」的原因,是因為 相對於英語、法語及其他語言,
01:36
always strongly resisted writing words too differently
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西班牙語總是強烈抗拒用 和字詞讀法很不同的方式
01:41
to how we pronounce them.
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來寫出它們。
01:43
But the phonetic approach is also absent today,
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但現今,語音學方法也消失了,
01:45
because when, in the 18th century, we decided how we would standardize
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因為,在十八世紀, 當我們在決定如何將我們的寫法
01:48
our writing,
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給標準化時,
01:50
there was another approach which guided a good part of the decisions.
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有另一種方法大大影響了那個決定,
01:54
It was the etymological approach,
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就是詞源學方法,
01:57
the one that says we have to write words
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這個方法主張,字詞的寫法
01:59
according to how they were written in their original language,
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應該要根據它們在原始語言中的寫法,
02:02
in Latin, in Greek.
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比如拉丁語、希臘語。
02:04
That's how we ended up with silent H's, which we write but don't pronounce.
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這是為什麼我們的字詞中會有 H, 但 H 卻不用發音;
02:08
That's how we have B's and V's that, contrary to what many people believe,
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這就是為什麼 B 和 V 這兩字母 在西班牙語的發音是一樣的;
02:14
were never differentiated in Spanish pronunciation.
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這與許多人的認知相反。
02:18
That's how we wound up with G's,
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這就是為什麼我們的字詞中會有 G,
02:20
that are sometimes aspirated, as in "gente,"
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G 有時是送氣音,如 gente(ㄏ),
02:23
and other times unaspirated, as in "gato."
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其他時候則是不送氣音,如 gato(類似ㄍ);
02:25
That's how we ended up with C's, S's and Z's,
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這就是為什麼我們的字詞中 會有 C、S、Z,
02:29
three letters that in some places correspond to one sound,
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在某些地方,這三個 字母的發音是一樣的。
02:33
and in others, to two, but nowhere to three.
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在其他地方,會有兩種不同的發音, 但沒有任何地方是有三種不同發音的。
02:37
I'm not here to tell you anything you don't know from your own experience.
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我在此要告訴各位的事 各位從自身經驗中其實都能知道。
02:43
We all went to school,
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我們都曾上過學,
02:46
we all invested big amounts of learning time,
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我們都曾投資大量時間學習時間、
02:50
big amounts of pliant, childlike brain time
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許多容易受影響的、兒時的大腦時間
02:55
in dictation,
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在聽寫上,
02:57
in the memorization of spelling rules filled, nevertheless, with exceptions.
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花在背誦拼字規則, 不過這些規則又存在許多例外,
03:02
We were told in many ways, implicitly and explicitly,
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我們被以許多方式告知, 或隱誨的或明確的,
03:06
that in spelling, something fundamental to our upbringing was at stake.
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告知說,拼字中有某種東西 對我們的教養是很重要的。
03:13
Yet, I have the feeling
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然而,我感覺到
03:15
that teachers didn't ask themselves why it was so important.
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連老師都沒有自問過 為什麼拼字這麼重要。
03:19
In fact, they didn't ask themselves a previous question:
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事實上,他們也沒自問 再更前面的一個問題:
03:22
What is the purpose of spelling?
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拼字的目的是什麼?
03:25
What do we need spelling for?
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我們為什麼需要拼字?
03:30
And the truth is, when someone asks themselves this question,
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事實是,當有人自問這個問題,
03:33
the answer is much simpler and less momentous
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答案比我們通常相信的
03:36
than we'd usually believe.
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要簡單許多且沒那麼重要。
03:38
We use spelling to unify the way we write, so we can all write the same way,
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我們使用拼字,來統一我們的書寫方式, 這樣我們才能以同樣的方式寫字,
03:45
making it easier for us to understand when we read to each other.
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使我們在把文字 讀給任何人聽時,更容易理解。
03:50
But unlike in other aspects of language such as punctuation,
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但不同於語言的其他方面, 如標點符號,
03:55
in spelling, there's no individual expression involved.
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拼字不會涉及到任何個人表達,
04:01
In punctuation, there is.
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標點符號就會涉及到。
04:03
With punctuation, I can choose to change the meaning of a phrase.
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我可以選擇不同的標點符號, 來改變措辭的含義。
04:07
With punctuation, I can impose a particular rhythm to what I am writing,
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我可以用標點符號在我寫的文句裡 加入特定的節奏,
04:13
but not with spelling.
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但是拼寫就無法這樣做。
04:15
When it comes to spelling, it's either wrong or right,
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拼寫是對錯分明的,
04:19
according to whether it conforms or not to the current rules.
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它是否符合目前的規則, 就決定了它的對錯。
04:23
But then, wouldn't it be more sensible to simplify the current rules
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但,正因如此,把目前的規則 簡化不就很合理嗎?
04:28
so it would be easier to teach, learn and use spelling correctly?
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這麼一來,就能更容易正確地 教導、學習、使用拼字,不是嗎?
04:35
Wouldn't it be more sensible to simplify the current rules
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把目前的規則簡化不就很合理嗎?
04:40
so that all the time we devote today to teaching spelling,
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這麼一來,我們就能把現今 所有花在教導拼字的時間,
04:45
we could devote to other language issues
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用來處理其他的語言問題,
04:48
whose complexities do, in fact, deserve the time and effort?
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其他那些複雜度真的高到 值得花時間和精力的問題?
04:54
What I propose is not to abolish spelling,
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我提議的並不是廢除拼字、
04:59
and have everyone write however they want.
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不是讓大家以自己想要的方式寫字。
05:03
Language is a tool of common usage,
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語言是一種常用的工具,
05:07
and so I believe it's fundamental that we use it following common criteria.
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所以我相信, 遵循共同準則是很重要的。
05:13
But I also find it fundamental
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但還有一點我也覺得很重要,
05:15
that those common criteria be as simple as possible,
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就是那些共同準則要越簡單越好,
05:19
especially because if we simplify our spelling,
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特別是因為,如果我們把拼字簡化,
05:23
we're not leveling it down;
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並不會讓它變差;
05:26
when spelling is simplified,
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當拼字被簡化時,
05:29
the quality of the language doesn't suffer at all.
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語言的品質完全不會受到影響。
05:33
I work every day with Spanish Golden Age literature,
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我的工作每天要接觸 西班牙黃金時代的文學,
05:37
I read Garcilaso, Cervantes, Góngora, Quevedo,
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我閱讀加爾西拉索、塞凡提斯、 科多瓦、奎維多的著作,
05:41
who sometimes write "hombre" without H,
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他們有時候寫 hombre 沒有加 H,
05:44
sometimes write "escribir" with V,
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他們有時寫 escribir 會用 V 代替 B。
05:47
and it's absolutely clear to me
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我非常清楚知道,
05:50
that the difference between those texts and ours is one of convention,
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這些文本和我們的文本之間, 差異只是在常規,
05:55
or rather, a lack of convention during their time.
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或者說,差異是 在他們的時代裡沒有常規。
05:59
But it's not a difference of quality.
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但文本的品質上並沒有差異。
06:02
But let me go back to the masters,
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但讓我回到這些大師作家們,
06:04
because they're key characters in this story.
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因為他們是這個故事中的關鍵人物。
06:07
Earlier, I mentioned this slightly thoughtless insistence
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先前,我提到了這個 有點缺乏考慮的堅持,
06:13
with which teachers pester and pester us
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在拼字上,老師們不斷用這種堅持
06:16
over spelling.
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在灌輸我們。
06:17
But the truth is, things being as they are,
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但事實是,依照現在的狀況,
06:21
this makes perfect sense.
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這是完全合理的。
06:23
In our society, spelling serves as an index of privilege,
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在我們的社會中,拼字的功能 是做為特權的指標,
06:29
separating the cultured from the brute, the educated from the ignorant,
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將受教化的人與粗鄙的人區別開, 將受過教育的人與無知的人區別開,
06:33
independent of the content that's being written.
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與寫了什麼內容無關。
06:38
One can get or not get a job
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一個人是否能得到一份工作,
06:41
because of an H that one put or did not.
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取決於他拼字會不會漏掉 H。
06:44
One can become an object of public ridicule
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一個人可能會成為公眾嘲笑的對象,
06:47
because of a misplaced B.
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只是因為錯置了一個 B。
06:50
Therefore, in this context,
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因此,在這種情境下,
06:52
of course, it makes sense to dedicate all this time to spelling.
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當然,把所有的時間 花在拼字上是合理的。
06:57
But we shouldn't forget
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但我們不該忘記,
07:00
that throughout the history of our language,
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貫穿整個語言史,
07:02
it has always been teachers
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一直都是老師
07:04
or people involved in the early learning of language
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或較早學習語言的人,
07:08
who promoted spelling reforms,
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提倡拼字的改革,
07:10
who realized that in our spelling there was often an obstacle
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他們意識到,用拼字來傳播知識時,
07:15
to the transmission of knowledge.
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常常會遇到障礙。
07:17
In our case, for example,
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比如,在我們的例子中,
07:19
Sarmiento, together with Andrés Bello, spearheaded the biggest spelling reform
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薩米恩托與安德烈斯貝洛 引領了西班牙語史上
07:24
to take place in the Spanish language:
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最大的拼字改革:
07:27
the mid-19th century Chilean reform.
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即十九世紀中期的智利安改革。
07:33
Then, why not take over the task of those teachers
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那麼,為什麼不接繼這些老師的任務,
07:38
and start making progress in our spelling?
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開始在我們的拼寫上做出進展?
07:41
Here, in this intimate group of 10,000,
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這裡,在這個融洽的一萬人團體中,
07:44
I'd like to bring to the table
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我想要提出
07:46
some changes that I find reasonable to start discussing.
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一些我認為合理的變化, 做為討論的開端。
07:52
Let's remove the silent H.
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在我們拼字時該寫 H
07:54
In places where we write an H but pronounce nothing,
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但 H 又不用發音的情況下, 就把不發音的 H 刪除吧,
07:59
let's not write anything.
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不用發音就不用寫了。
08:00
(Applause)
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08:01
It's hard for me to imagine what sentimental attachment
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(掌聲)
我很難想像有什麼感傷的依附
08:04
can justify to someone all the hassle caused by the silent H.
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可以把不發音的 H 所造成的所有麻煩給正當化。.
08:09
B and V, as we said before,
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至於 B 和 V,如我們之前所說,
08:11
were never differentiated in the Spanish language --
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在西班牙語中從來就沒有任何區別…
08:14
(Applause)
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08:15
Let's choose one; it could be either. We can discuss it, talk it over.
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(掌聲)
讓我們從中選一個就好,哪一個都可以。 我們可以討論、研究如何選。
08:19
Everyone will have their preferences and can make their arguments.
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每個人都會有自己的偏好 並可以提出他們的論點。
08:22
Let's keep one, remove the other.
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讓我們留下其中一個,刪除另一個。
08:25
G and J, let's separate their roles.
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至於 G 和 J,讓我們分開他們的角色。
08:28
G should keep the unaspirated sound, like in "gato," "mago," and "águila,"
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G 應該保持不送氣的發音(類似ㄍ), 像 gato、mago、águila,
08:33
and J should keep the aspirated sound,
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而 J 應保持送氣的發音(ㄏ),
08:36
as in "jarabe," "jirafa," "gente," "argentino."
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如 jarabe、jirafa、gente、argentino。
08:42
The case of C, S and Z is interesting,
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至於 C、S、Z,則很有意思,
08:47
because it shows that the phonetic approach must be a guide,
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因為它們的狀況顯示出, 語音學方法是一種指南,
08:51
but it can't be an absolute principle.
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但並不是絕對的原則。
08:54
In some cases, the differences in pronunciation must be addressed.
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在某些情況下, 發音差異的問題必須要處理。
08:59
As I said before, C, S and Z,
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如我先前說的,C、S、Z
09:02
in some places, correspond to one sound, in others to two.
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在某些地方會對應到同一個發音, 其他地方則對應兩個發音。
09:05
If we go from three letters to two, we're all better off.
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如果我們把三個字母縮為兩個, 狀況就會變得比較好。
09:12
To some, these changes may seem a bit drastic.
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對一些人而言, 這些改變可能看似有些極端,
09:16
They're really not.
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其實不然。
09:19
The Royal Spanish Academy, all of language academies,
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西班牙皇家語言學院, 所有的語言學院,
09:22
also believes that spelling should be progressively modified;
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也都相信拼字應該漸漸修改;
09:27
that language is linked to history, tradition and custom,
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相信語言與歷史、傳統、習俗相關;
09:32
but that at the same time, it is a practical everyday tool
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但也相信語言亦是日常實用工具,
09:36
and that sometimes this attachment to history, tradition and custom
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且有時對於歷史、傳統、習俗的依附,
09:41
becomes an obstacle for its current usage.
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反而會阻礙語言在現今的使用。
09:47
Indeed, this explains the fact
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的確,這就解釋了
09:49
that our language, much more than the others we are geographically close to,
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比起其他在地理上 鄰近的語言,我們的語言
09:56
has been historically modifying itself based on us,
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在歷史上一直根據我們而在調整,
10:00
for example, we went from "ortographia" to "ortografía,"
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比如,從 ortographia 改成 ortografía、
10:03
from "theatro" to "teatro," from "quantidad" to "cantidad,"
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從 theatro 改成 teatro、 從 quantidad 改成 cantidad、
10:07
from "symbolo" to "símbolo."
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從 symbolo 改成 símbolo。
10:10
And some silent H's are slowly being stealthily removed:
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有些不發音的 H 已 不知不覺被刪除了:
10:15
in the Dictionary of the Royal Academy,
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在皇家學院字典中,
10:18
"arpa" and "armonía" can be written with or without an H.
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「arpa」及「armonía」的拼字方式, 可以加 H 也可以不加 H,
10:23
And everybody is OK.
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且大家都沒異議。
10:27
I also believe
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我也相信,
10:30
that this is a particularly appropriate moment to have this discussion.
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現在是特別適合討論這一點的時候,
10:37
It's always said that language changes spontaneously,
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人們總是說,語言改變是自發性的,
10:41
from the bottom up,
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由基層開始向上改變,
10:43
that its users are the ones who incorporate new words
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新字詞是由使用者納入的,
10:46
and who introduce grammatical changes,
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也是他們制定了文法的改變,
10:49
and that the authority -- in some places an academy,
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而當權機關…在某些地方是學院,
10:53
in others a dictionary, in others a ministry --
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在其他地方可能是字典或政府部門,
10:57
accepts and incorporates them long after the fact.
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於這些改變發生很久之後, 接受並納入了它們。
11:02
This is true only for some levels of language.
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這點只在語言的某些層面上才成立,
11:06
It is true on the lexical level, the level of words.
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在詞彙和字詞的層面上 都是成立的,
11:09
It is less true on the grammatical level,
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在語法文法層面上就不見得了,
11:12
and I would almost say it is not true for the spelling level,
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且我會說,在拼字層面上 幾乎是不成立的,
11:16
that has historically changed from the top down.
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在歷史上,拼字改變是從高層向下,
11:21
Institutions have always been the ones to establish the rules
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規則向來是由機構來建立,
11:25
and propose changes.
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改變也是由它們來提出。
11:28
Why do I say this is a particularly appropriate moment?
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為什麼我會說現在是特別適合的時候?
11:33
Until today,
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直到今天,
11:35
writing always had a much more restricted and private use than speech.
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和說話相比,書寫的使用 一直都比較嚴格且私人。
11:41
But in our time, the age of social networks,
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但在我們的時代,社交網路的時代,
11:46
this is going through a revolutionary change.
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革命性的改變正在發生。
11:50
Never before have people written so much;
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過去人們從來沒有寫這麼多的文字,
11:53
never before have people written for so many others to see.
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過去人們從來沒有寫給這麼人看。
11:58
And in these social networks, for the first time,
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在這些社交網路上,我們
12:01
we're seeing innovative uses of spelling on a large scale,
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第一次見到大規模的創新拼音,
12:06
where even more-than-educated people with impeccable spelling,
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甚至教育程度極高、 在拼字上無懈可擊的人,
12:11
when using social networks,
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在使用社交網路時,
12:13
behave a lot like the majority of users of social networks behave.
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行為舉止也會和社交網路的 大部份使用者一樣。
12:19
That is to say, they slack on spell-checking
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也就是說,他們在 拼字檢查上也是懈怠的,
12:22
and prioritize speed and efficacy in communication.
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在溝通上比較重視速度和功效。
12:28
For now, on social networks, we see chaotic, individual usages.
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現在,在社交網路上,我們 看到很混亂、很個別化的用法。
12:33
But I think we have to pay attention to them,
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我認為我們應該要多留意這些用法,
12:36
because they're probably telling us
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因為它們可能就是在告訴我們,
12:38
that an era that designates a new place for writing
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這個時代有著全新的地方 讓我們書寫文字,
12:43
seeks new criteria for that writing.
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這類的書寫需要新的準則。
12:48
I think we'd be wrong to reject them, to discard them,
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我認為,基於認定這些用法是
12:53
because we identify them as symptoms of the cultural decay of our times.
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文化衰敗的症狀, 而拒絕、拋棄它們是不對的。
12:58
No, I believe we have to observe them, organize them and channel them
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不,我認為我們必須在 更符合我們時代的指導原則下,
13:03
within guidelines that better correspond to the needs of our times.
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來觀察、組織、傳遞它們。
13:10
I can anticipate some objections.
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我預期會有反對的聲音。
13:15
There will be those who'll say
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會有人說如果
13:16
that if we simplify spelling we'll lose etymology.
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把拼字簡化,我們就會失去詞源。
13:22
Strictly speaking, if we wanted to preserve etymology,
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嚴格來說,如果我們想保有詞源,
13:25
it would go beyond just spelling.
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那不該是只在拼字上努力,
13:28
We'd also have to learn Latin, Greek, Arabic.
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我們也得學習拉丁語、 希臘語、阿拉伯語。
13:33
With simplified spelling,
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當拼字被簡化之後,
13:35
we would normalize etymology in the same place we do now:
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我們還是會在跟現在 同樣的地方將詞源標準化:
13:40
in etymological dictionaries.
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那地方就是詞源字典。
13:43
A second objection will come from those who say:
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第二種反對的意見會是:
13:46
"If we simplify spelling, we'll stop distinguishing
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「如果把拼字簡化, 我們將會不再能區別
13:50
between words that differ in just one letter."
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那些只差一個字母的字詞。」
13:54
That is true, but it's not a problem.
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的確如此,但那不是問題。
13:58
Our language has homonyms, words with more than one meaning,
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我們的語言中有很多字詞 都是一字多義,
14:03
yet we don't confuse the "banco" where we sit
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但我們不會把我們坐的「長凳(banco)」
14:06
with the "banco" where we deposit money,
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跟我們存錢的「銀行(banco)」搞混;
14:08
or the "traje" that we wear with the things we "trajimos."
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也不會把我們穿的「衣服(traje)」 跟「穿(trajimos)」的動作搞混。
14:11
In the vast majority of situations, context dispels any confusion.
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在大部分的情況, 前後文可以協助釐清任何混淆。
14:19
But there's a third objection.
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但還有第三種反對意見。
14:23
To me,
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對我而言,
14:26
it's the most understandable, even the most moving.
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這種反對是最可以理解, 甚至是最感人的。
14:30
It's the people who'll say: "I don't want to change.
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那些反對的人會說:「我不想改變。
14:34
I was brought up like this, I got used to doing it this way,
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我就是這樣長大的, 我習慣用這種方式,
14:38
when I read a written word in simplified spelling, my eyes hurt."
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當我讀到用簡化拼字寫的文字, 就覺得眼睛好痛。」
14:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:46
This objection is, in part, in all of us.
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我們所有的人可能 內在都有這種抗拒。
14:52
What do I think we should do?
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你認為我們應該怎麼做?
14:53
The same thing that's always done in these cases:
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跟我們在這類情況下通常會做的一樣:
14:56
changes are made looking forward; children are taught the new rules,
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改變是為了向前看; 孩童會被教導新規則,
15:01
those of us who don't want to adapt can write the way we're used to writing,
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我們當中不想適應的人, 可以照舊方法來寫字,
15:06
and hopefully, time will cement the new rules in place.
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希望,時間會讓新規則走上軌道。
15:11
The success of every spelling reform that affects deeply rooted habits
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每個能影響到 根深蒂固之舊習的拼字改革,
15:17
lies in caution, agreement, gradualism and tolerance.
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能成功的關鍵在謹慎、 協議、漸進主義,及包容。
15:23
At the same time, can't allow the attachment to old customs
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同時,不能讓對於舊習俗的依附
15:27
impede us from moving forward.
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妨礙我們向前行。
15:30
The best tribute we can pay to the past
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我們能對過去致上最高的敬意,
15:34
is to improve upon what it's given us.
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就是將它所給予我們的加以改善。
15:37
So I believe that we must reach an agreement,
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所以我認為,我們應該達成協議,
15:39
that academies must reach an agreement,
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學院間必須要達成協議,
15:42
and purge from our spelling rules
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將我們的拼字規則中所有
15:45
all the habits we practice just for the sake of tradition,
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只為了傳統而保留、 現在其實已經沒用途的
15:49
even if they are useless now.
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那些舊習都給清除掉。
15:51
I'm convinced that if we do that
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我深信,如果我們那麼做,
15:55
in the humble but extremely important realm of language,
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在謙遜但極重要的語言領域中那麼做,
15:59
we'll be leaving a better future to the next generations.
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我們就會留給下一代更好的未來。
16:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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