How a miniaturized atomic clock could revolutionize space exploration | Jill Seubert
98,641 views ・ 2020-04-06
请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Camille Martínez
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翻译人员: Lixing Tan
00:12
Six months ago,
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六个月前,
00:14
I watched with bated breath
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我屏住呼吸,激动的目睹了
美国宇航局(NASA)
00:17
as NASA's InSight lander
descended towards the surface of Mars.
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洞察号探测器(InSight)
在火星表面着陆的过程。
00:22
Two hundred meters,
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200 米,
00:24
80 meters,
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80 米,
00:25
60, 40, 20, 17 meters.
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60,40,20,17 米……
00:29
Receiving confirmation
of successful touchdown
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接收成功触地确认的一瞬,
00:33
was one of the most
ecstatic moments of my life.
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是我人生中最为欣喜的时刻。
00:37
And hearing that news was possible
because of two small cube sets
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正是跟随洞察号
抵达火星的两个立方星系统
00:42
that went along to Mars with InSight.
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让我们得以聆听这则新闻。
00:46
Those two cube sets essentially
livestreamed InSight's telemetry
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这两个立方星系统
把洞察号的遥感勘测直播
00:51
back to Earth,
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传送回地球,
00:53
so that we could watch in near-real time
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这才让我们能几乎实时地观看到
00:55
as that InSight lander went screaming
towards the surface of the red planet,
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洞察号探测器呼啸着
冲向这红色星球的表面,
01:00
hitting the atmosphere of Mars
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以 12000 英里的最高时速
01:02
at a top speed of about
12,000 miles per hour.
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冲击火星大气层。
01:06
Now, that event was livestreamed to us
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是的,这一盛况竟然是从远在
01:09
from over 90 million miles away.
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九千万英里之外
向我们直播。
01:13
It was livestreamed from Mars.
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这是来自火星的直播。
01:17
Meanwhile,
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与此同时,
01:19
the two Voyager spacecraft --
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两架旅行者号(Voyager)航天器——
01:21
now, these are these two
almost unbelievably intrepid explorers.
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这简直是两位勇猛惊人的探险家。
01:25
They were launched
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它们发射升空时,
01:27
the same year that all of us here
were being introduced to Han Solo
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正是我们初次知晓韩·索罗(Han Solo)
(1977版《星球大战》主角)
01:30
for the first time.
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的那一年。
01:32
And they are still sending back data
from interstellar space
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如今,40 多年过去了,
它们仍然在星际间
01:36
over 40 years later.
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向我们传回信息。
01:40
We are sending more spacecraft
further into deep space
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现在,我们已向更远的深空
发送了比以往任何时候
01:43
than ever before.
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都多的航天器。
01:45
But every one of those
spacecraft out there
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但是每一架冲向太空的航天器,
01:48
depends on its navigation being performed
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都依赖于它所执行的、
01:51
right here at Earth
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来自地球的导航,
01:53
to tell it where it is
and, far more importantly,
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来告知它正身处何处,
以及更重要的,
01:56
where it is going.
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它将去向何方。
01:57
And we have to do that navigation
here on Earth for one simple reason:
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我们不得不在地球上进行导航的
一个简单的原因是:
02:02
spacecraft are really bad
at telling the time.
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航天器不擅长计时。
02:06
But if we can change that,
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然而,如果能改变这一点,
02:08
we can revolutionize
the way we explore deep space.
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我们就能颠覆探索深空的方式。
02:12
Now, I am a deep space navigator,
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我是一个深空导航者。
02:14
and I know you're probably
thinking, "What is that job?"
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我知道你们现在大概在想
“这是个什么工作?”
02:17
Well, it is an extremely unique
and also very fun job.
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事实上,这是一个十分独特
也非常有趣的工作。
02:21
I steer spacecraft,
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从航天器与运载工具
02:23
from the moment they separate
from their launch vehicle
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分离那一刻起,
我就会一直操纵着航天器,
02:26
to when they reach
their destination in space.
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直到它抵达太空中的目的地。
02:28
And these destinations --
say Mars for example, or Jupiter --
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这些目的地,例如火星,又或者木星,
02:32
they are really far away.
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它们真的很遥远。
02:34
To put my job in context for you:
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这样来介绍我的工作吧:
02:37
it's like me standing here in Los Angeles
and shooting an arrow,
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就好比我现在站在洛杉矶开始射箭,
02:42
and with that arrow, I hit a target
that's the size of a quarter,
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我要用这支箭射中
扎在纽约时代广场上
02:46
and that target the size of a quarter
is sitting in Times Square, New York.
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一个 25 美分硬币大小的靶子。
02:52
Now, I have the opportunity
to adjust the course of my spacecraft
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接下来,沿着它的轨迹,
02:56
a few times along that trajectory,
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我有几次机会来调整航天器航道;
02:58
but in order to do that,
I need to know where it is.
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可是,为了做调整,
我需要知道它的位置。
03:02
And tracking a spacecraft
as it travels through deep space
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其实,跟踪航天器在深空中的飞行,
03:06
is fundamentally a problem
of measuring time.
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这本质上是一个时间测量的问题。
03:09
You see, I can't just pull out my ruler
and measure how far away my spacecraft is.
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要知道,我不可能掏出一把尺子,
来丈量航天器离我有多远。
03:14
But I can measure
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但是,我可以测量的是,
03:15
how long it takes a signal
to get there and back again.
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一个信号往返所花费的时间。
03:19
And the concept is exactly
the same as an echo.
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这个概念与回声完全相同:
03:23
If I stand in front of
a mountain and I shout,
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如果我面对一座山大喊,
03:26
the longer it takes for me
to hear my echo back at me,
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我听到回声所需的时间越长,
03:30
the further away that mountain is.
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那座山就越远。
03:32
So we measure that signal time
very, very accurately,
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那么,我们必须非常非常准确地
测量信号时间,
03:38
because getting it wrong
by just a tiny fraction of a second
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因为仅是弄错微小的、
几分之一秒钟的时间,
03:42
might mean the difference between
your spacecraft safely and gently landing
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就可能意味着
航天器是可以安全平稳地
03:47
on the surface of another planet
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着陆在另一个星球的表面,
03:48
or creating yet another
crater on that surface.
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还是会在那上面撞出个陨石坑。
03:52
Just a tiny fraction of a second,
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仅仅是微小的、几分之一秒钟,
03:54
and it can be the difference
between a mission's life or death.
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就事关任务的生死成败。
03:59
So we measure that signal time
very, very accurately here on Earth,
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因此,我们在地球上必须
非常非常准确地测量信号时间,
04:03
down to better than
one-billionth of a second.
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把误差降低到小于十亿分之一秒。
04:06
But it has to be measured here on Earth.
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当然,这些测量不得不在地球上进行。
04:09
There's this great imbalance of scale
when it comes to deep space exploration.
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在深空探索时,
时间尺度的比例会严重失衡。
04:15
Historically, we have been able to send
smallish things extremely far away,
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从历史上看,我们之所以能将
很小的物体发送到极远的地方,
04:21
thanks to very large things
here on our home planet.
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全依赖着我们的
地球家园上的巨大物体。
04:24
As an example, this is the size
of a satellite dish
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例如,这是一个
圆盘卫星信号天线的大小,
04:27
that we use to talk
to these spacecraft in deep space.
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我们用它来和深空中的航天器对话;
04:31
And the atomic clocks that we use
for navigation are also large.
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而我们用于导航的原子钟
也是个庞然大物:
04:35
The clocks and all of their
supporting hardware
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原子钟和它所有的支持硬件
04:37
can be up to the size of a refrigerator.
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加起来可以有冰箱那么大。
04:40
Now, if we even want to talk about
sending that capability into deep space,
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如果我们还想谈谈
将它发送到深空的可能,
04:45
that refrigerator needs to shrink down
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那么这个冰箱需要缩小到
04:47
into something that can fit
inside the produce drawer.
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可以放进它自己的抽屉这般大小。
04:51
So why does this matter?
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那么,这一点为什么要紧呢?
04:53
Well, let's revisit one of our
intrepid explorers, Voyager 1.
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让我们重新审视一位勇敢的探险家,
旅行者 1 号。
04:59
Voyager 1 is just over
13 billion miles away right now.
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目前,旅行者 1 号
距离我们超过 130 亿英里。
05:03
As you know, it took
over 40 years to get there,
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正如你们所知,
它花了 40 年才行到那里,
05:06
and it takes a signal traveling
at the speed of light over 40 hours
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而一个信号,以光速传播
也要超过 40 个小时
05:11
to get there and back again.
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才能抵达它的位置又折返。
05:14
And here's the thing
about these spacecraft:
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关于这些航天器就出现了一个难题:
05:16
they move really fast.
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它们移动得非常快。
05:19
And Voyager 1 doesn't stop and wait
for us to send directions from Earth.
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旅行者 1 号并不会停下来、
等待我们从地球发送方向,
05:24
Voyager 1 keeps moving.
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它仍然会继续前进。
05:26
In that 40 hours that we are waiting
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在那 40 个小时中,
05:29
to hear that echo signal
here on the Earth,
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我们在地球上等待听到回声信号,
05:31
Voyager 1 has moved on
by about 1.5 million miles.
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旅行者 1 号却已经行驶了
约 150 万英里,
05:36
It's 1.5 million miles further
into largely uncharted territory.
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这是飞向更遥远的
未知领域的 150 万英里。
05:41
So it would be great
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正因如此,
05:43
if we could measure that signal time
directly at the spacecraft.
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如果我们能在航天器上
直接测量该信号时间,就再好不过。
05:47
But the miniaturization
of atomic clock technology is ...
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可是,将原子钟小型化的技术
05:51
well, it's difficult.
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难度很大:
05:53
Not only does the clock technology
and all the supporting hardware
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你不仅要将它和支持性的硬件
05:56
need to shrink down,
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缩小,
05:58
but you also need to make it work.
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还要维持一切正常运转。
06:02
Space is an exceptionally
harsh environment,
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太空是一个极其恶劣的环境,
06:05
and if one piece breaks
on this instrument,
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如果这台仪器上有一小块破损,
06:07
it's not like we can just send
a technician out to replace the piece
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我们不可能派遣技术人员
去更换零件
06:11
and continue on our way.
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来确保它继续前进。
06:13
The journeys that these spacecraft take
can last months, years,
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这些航天器的旅程
可能持续数月、数年,
06:19
even decades.
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甚至数十年。
06:21
And designing and building a precision
instrument that can support that
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因此,设计和制造可靠的精密仪器,
06:26
is as much an art as it is
a science and an engineering.
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既是科学和工程学,也是艺术。
06:32
But there is good news: we are making
some amazing progress,
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不过令人欣慰的是,
我们正在不断取得惊人的进展,
06:36
and we're about to take
our very first baby steps
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我们马上就要向原子钟的新时代
06:39
into a new age of atomic space clocks.
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迈进重要的一小步。
06:43
Soon we will be launching
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很快,我们将推出一种
06:45
an ion-based atomic clock
that is space-suitable.
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适用于太空的、基于离子的原子钟。
06:48
And this clock has the potential
to completely flip the way we navigate.
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这个时钟可能会完全颠覆
我们的导航方式。
06:52
This clock is so stable,
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它非常稳定,
06:54
it measures time so well,
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可以很好地测量时间:
06:55
that if I put it right here
and I turned it on,
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如果我把它放在这里,
开启,
06:58
and I walked away,
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离开,
07:00
I would have to come back
nine million years later
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九百万年后,我才能目睹
07:03
for that clock's measurement
to be off by one second.
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它的测量累计出一秒钟的误差。
07:07
So what can we do with a clock like this?
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那么,我们可以用这样的时钟做什么?
07:09
Well, instead of doing
all of the spacecraft navigation
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与其在地球上进行所有的航天器导航,
07:13
here on the Earth,
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不如
07:14
what if we let the spacecraft
navigate themselves?
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让航天器自己为自己导航?
07:17
Onboard autonomous navigation,
or a self-driving spacecraft, if you will,
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自载自动导航,
也可以叫自动驾驶航天器,
07:21
is one of the top technologies needed
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将是我们在深空
07:23
if we are going to survive
in deep space.
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求生存的首要技术之一。
07:27
When we inevitably send humans
to Mars or even further,
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在我们不可避免地需要
将人类送往火星甚至更远处时,
07:30
we need to be navigating
that ship in real time,
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我们将会需要能实时导航的飞船,
07:33
not waiting for directions
to come from Earth.
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而非等待来自地球的指引。
07:36
And measuring that time wrong
by just a tiny fraction of a second
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那时,即便只是
几分之一秒的时间测量误差,
07:39
can mean the difference between
a mission's life or death,
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都关乎任务的生死成败。
07:42
which is bad enough for a robotic mission,
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这后果对于机器人任务来说
已经够糟了,
07:45
but just think about the consequences
if there was a human crew on board.
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对于载有人类宇航员的后果
更是不堪设想。
07:50
But let's assume that we can
get our astronauts
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在此,让我们先假设宇航员能够
07:52
safely to the surface
of their destination.
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平安到达星球表面、
抵达他们的目的地。
07:54
Once they're there, I imagine they'd like
a way to find their way around.
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当他们抵达后,我想象
他们会想办法找到自己的出路。
07:58
Well, with this clock technology,
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那么,利用这种时钟技术,
08:00
we can now build
GPS-like navigation systems
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我们就能在其他行星和卫星上
08:04
at other planets and moons.
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构建类似于 GPS 的导航系统。
08:06
Imagine having GPS on the Moon or Mars.
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想象一下在月球或火星上有 GPS:
08:09
Can you see an astronaut
standing on the surface of Mars
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你是否能看到一名宇航员
正站在火星表面,
08:12
with Olympus Mons rising
in the background,
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奧林匹斯山在背景中缓缓升起,
08:15
and she's looking down
at her Google Maps Mars Edition
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而她正低头查看
火星版谷歌地图上
08:19
to see where she is
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自己的位置,
08:20
and to chart a course to get
where she needs to go?
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并规划路线前往目的地?
08:24
Allow me to dream for a moment,
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允许我再畅想一下,
08:25
and let's talk about something
far, far in the future,
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一个很远很远的将来,
08:28
when we are sending humans to places
much further away than Mars,
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我们会将人类送到
比火星遥远得多的地方,
08:32
places where waiting for a signal
from the Earth in order to navigate
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这些地方是如此之远,以至于
等待地球的信号再进行导航
08:37
is just not realistic.
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显得不太现实。
08:39
Imagine in this scenario
that we can have a constellation,
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想象在这种情况下,
我们可以拥有一个星座,
08:42
a network of communication satellites
scattered throughout deep space
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一套散布在深空的通讯卫星网络
08:47
broadcasting navigation signals,
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向四周空间传送着导航信号,
08:49
and any spacecraft picking up that signal
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并且,任何收集到这信号的航天器
08:52
can travel from destination
to destination to destination
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都可以在不同的目的地之间航行,
08:55
with no direct tie to the Earth at all.
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而这些目的地与地球没有任何联系。
08:59
The ability to accurately
measure time in deep space
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在深空精确测量时间的能力
09:03
can forever change the way we navigate.
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可以永远改变我们的导航方式。
09:06
But it also has the potential
to give us some pretty cool science.
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同时,这种能力也可能
为我们提供一些蛮酷的科学知识。
09:09
You see, that same signal
that we use for navigation
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事实上,我们用于导航的同一信号
09:13
tells us something
about where it came from
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揭示着这样一些信息:
这信号来自何处,
09:16
and the journey that it took
as it traveled from antenna to antenna.
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以及它在天线之间传播的历程。
09:20
And that journey, that gives us data,
data to build better models,
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这段传播历程为我们提供了数据,
这些数据又可以建立更好的模型,
09:25
better models of planetary atmospheres
throughout our solar system.
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更好的模型甚至可以
包含整个太阳系的行星大气。
09:30
We can detect subsurface oceans
on far-off icy moons,
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我们可以探测到
遥远而冰冷的卫星地表下的海洋。
09:34
maybe even detect tiny ripples in space
due to relativistic gravity.
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甚至可能探测到相对论引力
在太空中激起的微小涟漪。
09:40
Onboard autonomous navigation
means we can support more spacecraft,
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自载自主导航意味着
我们可以支持更多的航天器、
09:44
more sensors to explore the universe,
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更多的传感器去探索宇宙,
09:47
and it also frees up navigators --
people like me --
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还可以解放出更多
像我这样的导航员——
09:51
to work on finding the answers
to other questions.
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去追寻其他问题的答案。
09:55
And we still have
a lot of questions to answer.
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我们还有太多的问题等待解答。
10:00
We know such precious little
about this universe around us.
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我们对身处的宇宙知之甚少。
10:05
In recent years, we have discovered
nearly 3,000 planetary systems
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近年来,我们在太阳系之外已经发现了
10:10
outside of our own solar system,
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近 3000 个行星系统,
10:12
and those systems are home
to almost 4,000 exoplanets.
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它们是接近 4000 颗系外行星的家园。
10:16
To put that number in context for you:
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为大家提供一些背景信息供参考:
10:18
when I was learning about planets
for the first time as a child,
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当我孩提时代第一次学习到行星时,
10:22
there were nine,
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只知道 9 颗行星,
10:24
or eight if you didn't count Pluto.
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如果不算冥王星的话,是 8 颗。
10:26
But now there are 4,000.
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但是现在有 4000 颗。
10:29
It is estimated that dark matter
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据估计,暗物质
10:31
makes up about 96 percent of our universe,
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构成了我们宇宙的96%,
10:35
and we don't even know what it is.
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而我们却还不清楚它是什么。
10:38
All of the science returned
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我们从所有已返回的深空飞行任务中
10:40
from all of our deep space
missions combined
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获得的所有科学成果的总和,
10:43
is just this single drop of knowledge
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也仅仅是在浩渺的
10:47
in a vast ocean of questions.
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问题海洋里的一小滴知识。
10:50
And if we want to learn more,
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如果我们想知道更多,
10:53
to discover more, to understand more,
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发现更多,了解更多,
10:56
then we need to explore more.
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我们就需要探索更多。
11:00
The ability to accurately
keep time in deep space
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准确地在深空测量时间的能力
11:03
will revolutionize the way
that we can explore this universe,
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将革命性地改变
我们探索宇宙的方式。
11:07
and it might just be one of the keys
to unlocking some of those secrets
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但或许,这也仅仅是
解锁宇宙珍藏秘密的
11:11
that she holds so dear.
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若干钥匙中的一把。
11:14
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:15
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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