How we can make racism a solvable problem -- and improve policing | Dr. Phillip Atiba Goff

翻译人员: Jiasi Hao 校对人员: 功伟 邢

When people meet me for the first time on my job,

当人们第一次在我工作时见到我，

they often feel inspired to share a revelation they've had about me,

他们总是备受鼓舞地和我分享 对我的看法，

and it kind of goes something like this.

一般像是这样。

"Hey, I know why police chiefs

“嘿，我知道为什么警长

like to share their deep, dark secrets with you.

喜欢和你分享 他们内心深处的黑暗秘密。

Phil, with your PhD in psychology,

菲尔， 以你的心理学博士学位，

and your shiny bald head,

和锃亮的光头，

you're basically the Black Dr. Phil, right?"

你差不多就是黑人版的菲尔博士，对吧？” （注：美国心理治疗大师菲尔·麦格劳博士）

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And for each and every person who's ever said that to me

对于每一个和我说过这些话的人，

我想和他们说一句谢谢，

I do want to say thank you

因为这是我第一次听到这个笑话。

because that was the first time I ever heard that joke.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

但对于其他人，当我告诉你们

But for everybody else, I really hope you'll believe me

没有警长喜欢和我交谈， 我真的希望你们相信我，

when I tell you no police chief likes talking to me

because they think I'm a clinical psychologist.

因为他们认为 我是一名临床心理学家。

And also I'm not.

但我不是。

I have no idea what your mother did to you, and I can't help.

我并不知道你母亲对你做了什么， 我也没法帮助你。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Police chiefs like talking to me

警长喜欢与我交谈

because I'm an expert on a problem that feels impossible for them to solve:

因为我能解决他们无力解决的问题：

racism in their profession.

他们工作中的种族主义。

Now my expertise comes from being a scientist

我的专业性来自于一个科学家身份：

who studies how our minds learn to associate Blackness and crime

研究我们的大脑 是如何将黑人与犯罪联系起来，

and misperceive Black children as older than they actually are.

并误认为黑人孩子的年龄 比他们的实际年龄大。

It also comes from studying actual police behavior,

我的专业性也来自于 对警察行为的研究。

which is how I know that every year,

这也是我如何知道在每年，

about one in five adults in the United States

每五个美国成年人中就有一个

has contact with law enforcement.

与执法部门有联系。

Out of those, about a million are targeted for police use of force.

在这些人中约有 100 万人 是警察动用武力的目标。

And if you're Black,

如果你是黑人，

you're two to four times more likely to be targeted for that force

相比较于白人， 你被警察当作执法目标

的可能性是白人的三到五倍。

than if you're white.

但我的专业性也同时来自于 知道这些数字的感觉。

But it also comes from knowing what those statistics feel like.

I've experienced the fear of seeing an officer unclip their gun

我亲身经历过看着一个警官 解锁枪支的那种畏惧，

and the panic of realizing that someone might mistake my 13-year-old godson

以及意识到某人可能会 把我 13 岁的教子

as old enough to be a threat.

误认为是一个威胁的惊恐。

So when a police chief,

所以当一个警长，

or a pastor,

或一个牧师、

or an imam, or a mother --

一个清真寺领拜人， 或是一个母亲——

when they call me after an officer shoots another unarmed Black child,

在看到一个警官枪击 非武装黑人孩子后，打电话给我，

I understand a bit of the pain in their voice.

我能够理解他们声音中的痛苦。

It's the pain of a heart breaking when it fails to solve a deadly problem.

这是当一个致命问题无法 被解决时，心碎的痛苦，

Breaking from trying to do something

从尝试做些

that feels simultaneously necessary and impossible.

感觉必要但又不可能 的事情中挣脱出来，

The way trying to fix racism usually feels.

就是解决种族主义问题时 的那种感觉。

Necessary and impossible.

必要的且不可能的。

So, police chiefs like talking to me because I'm an expert,

所以警长喜欢和我说话， 因为我是一个专家，

但如果我和他们说 你们所有的未解问题都毫无希望，

but I doubt they'd be lining up to lie down on Dr. Phil's couch

我怀疑他们是否还会 排队来睡菲尔博士的沙发。

if I told them all their problems were hopeless.

All of my research,

我的所有研究，

and the decade of work I've done with my center --

以及在我们中心十年来的工作——

the Center for Policing Equity --

警务公正中心——

让我在美国种族的心碎中找到了

actually leads me to a hopeful conclusion

amidst all the heartbreak of race in America,

一个充满希望的结论，

which is this:

就是：

trying to solve racism feels impossible

尝试解决种族主义感觉不可能，

because our definition of racism makes it impossible --

是因为我们对种族主义的定义 让这件事变得不可能——

but it doesn't have to be that way.

但这并非只能以那种方法解决。

So here's what I mean.

我的意思是，

The most common definition of racism

对于种族主义最普遍的定义

is that racist behaviors are the product of contaminated hearts and minds.

是那些内心和头脑被玷污的人 所做出的种族歧视行为。

When you listen to the way we talk about trying to cure racism,

当你听到我们谈论 如何解决种族主义的方法时，

you'll hear it.

你会听到这些，

"We need to stamp out hatred.

“我们需要浇灭仇恨。

We need to combat ignorance," right?

我们需要对抗无知。”对吧？

It's hearts and minds.

这种想法已经根深蒂固。

Now the only problem with that definition is that it's completely wrong --

那个定义的唯一问题就是， 定义本身是完全错误的——

both scientifically and otherwise.

不论从科学上，还是其他方面讲。

One of the foundational insights of social psychology

一个社会心理学的基本观点是，

is that attitudes are very weak predictors of behaviors,

人们的态度是他们行为的 一个非常微弱的预测指标，

but more importantly than that,

但更重要的是，

no Black community has ever taken to the streets

没有一个黑人社区曾走上街头

to demand that white people would love us more.

要求白人多爱我们一些。

Communities march to stop the killing,

社区为阻止杀戮而游行，

because racism is about behaviors, not feelings.

因为种族主义关乎于行为， 而非感觉。

And even when civil rights leaders

甚至当民权领袖们

like King and Fannie Lou Hamer used the language of love,

例如马丁·路德·金和芬妮·露·哈默， 使用爱的语言，

the racism they fought,

他们为之而战的种族主义

that was segregation and brutality.

依然是隔离和暴行。

It's actions over feelings.

这是超越感受的行为。

And every one of those leaders would agree,

而且每一个领袖都会同意，

if a definition of racism makes it harder to see

如果种族主义的定义 使得因其思想下带来的伤害行为

the injuries racism causes,

更难以被看到，

that's not just wrong.

这不仅只是错误的。

A definition that cares about the intentions of abusers

这个定义关注的是施虐者的意图，

more than the harms to the abused --

而不是对受虐者的伤害——

that definition of racism is racist.

那个种族主义的定义本身 就是种族主义的。

But when we change the definition of racism from attitudes to behaviors,

但是，当我们将种族主义的定义 从态度改变为行为，

we transform that problem from impossible to solvable.

我们就把问题 从不可解转变为可解。

Because you can measure behaviors.

因为你可以测量行为，

And when you can measure a problem,

当你可以丈量一个问题时，

你可以挖掘利用组织成功 的其中一条通用规则。

you can tap into one of the only universal rules of organizational success.

You've got a problem or a goal, you measure it,

你已有一个问题或目标，你测量它，

之后你对自己的指标负责。

you hold yourself accountable to that metric.

倘若其他每个组织都 以这样的方法来衡量成功，

So if every other organization measures success this way,

why can't we do that in policing?

警务工作为何不可？

It turns out we actually already do.

事实证明我们已经开始这么做了。

Police departments already practice data-driven accountability,

警局已经实行了 数据驱动的责任制，

it's just for crime.

这仅适用于犯罪。

The vast majority of police departments across the United States

美国大部分的警局

use a system called CompStat.

用的是一个叫 CompStat 的系统。

It's a process that, when you use it right,

如果你正确使用这个流程，

it identifies crime data,

它能识别犯罪数据，

it tracks it and identifies patterns,

追踪并识别犯罪模式，

and then it allows departments to hold themselves accountable

之后它能让警局 为他们自己制定的公共安全目标

to public safety goals.

负责。

It usually works either by directing police attentions and police resources,

一旦情况出现，系统一般通过 引导警察关注点和资源，

or changing police behavior once they show up.

或通过改变警察行为起作用。

So if I see a string of muggings in that neighborhood,

所以如果我在这个社区 看到一连串的拦路抢劫，

I'm going to want to increase patrols in that neighborhood.

我将想要看到该社区 警察巡逻的加强。

如果我看到蓄意杀人案件激增，

If I see a spike in homicides,

I'm going to want to talk to the community to find out why

我想要通过跟社区居民交谈 来找出原因，

并协作改变警察行为以打击暴力。

and collaborate on changes on police behavior to tamp down the violence.

Now when you define racism in terms of measurable behaviors,

当你用可测量行为 定义种族主义，

you can do the same thing.

你可以做同样的事情。

You can create a CompStat for justice.

你可以为警务公正 搭建 CompStat。

That's exactly what the Center for Policing Equity has been doing.

这正是我们警务公正中心 一直在做的事情。

让我来说说它是如何运作的。

So let me tell you how that works.

在一个警局邀请我们加入后，

After a police department invites us in,

我们处理法律事务， 我们参与社区，

we handle the legal stuff, we engage with the community,

我们的下一步是分析他们的数据。

our next step is to analyze their data.

The goal of these analyses is to determine

这些分析的目标是测定

how much do crime, poverty, neighborhood demographics

犯罪、贫困和社区人口统计因子，

predict, let's say, police use of force?

就说，预测警方动用武力的能力？

Let's say that those factors predict

我们假设那些因子预测

police will use force on this many Black people.

警方会对这么多黑人动用武装力量。

There?

我说清楚了吗？

So our next question is,

那我们下一个问题是，

how many Black people actually are targeted

实际上有多少黑人

for police use of force?

是警察动用武力的目标？

我们说有这么多。

Let's say it's this many.

So what's up with the gap?

那这里的数差是怎么回事？

Well, a big portion of the gap is the difference

大部分的差距是由于

between what's predicted by things police can't control

警察控制范围外的因子预测

and what's predicted by things police can control --

与警察控制范围内的因子预测差异——

their policies and their behaviors.

他们的政策和行为。

And what we're looking for are the types of contact

我们正在寻找一种接触模式，

or the areas in the city

或是数差最大的

where that gap is biggest,

城市地区，

because then we can tell our partners,

因为这样我们就可以 告诉我们的合作伙伴，

"Look here. Solve this problem first."

“看这，先解决这个问题。”

It's actually the kind of therapy police chiefs can get behind,

这实际上是一种 警长们能理解的方法，

because there is nothing so inspiring in the face of our history of racism

因为面对我们的种族主义历史， 从来没有什么比这个可解决的问题

as a solvable problem.

更鼓舞人心。

Look, if the community in Minneapolis asked their police department

如果明尼阿波利斯的一个社区 要求他们的警局

to remedy the moral failings of race in policing,

改进警务工作中 关于种族的道德沦陷，

I'm not sure they know how to do that.

我不确定他们知道怎么做。

But if instead the community says,

但相反，如果社区说，

“嘿，你们的数据表明你 们正在毒打很多无家可归的人。

"Hey, you're data say you're beating up a lot of homeless folks.

你们想要解决这个吗？”

You want to knock that off?"

That's something police can learn how to do.

那是警察可以学习如何做到的事。

And they did.

他们也做到了。

So in 2015, the Minneapolis PD let us know

在 2015 年， 明尼阿波利斯警局告诉我们

their community was concerned they were using force too often.

他们的社区 担心他们过度使用武力。

So we showed them how to leverage their own data

所以我们给他们展示 如何使用他们自己的数据

to identify situations where force could be avoided.

来识别哪些情况下 可以避免使用武力。

And when you look at those data,

当你看着那些数据，

you'll see that a disproportionate number of their use-of-force incidents,

你会看到不成比例的 使用武力事件数量，

they involved somebody who's homeless, in mental distress,

其中包括流浪汉、 遭受精神困扰的人，

has a substance abuse issue or some combination of all three --

以及有药物滥用问题的人， 或这三种的组合——

more than you expect

基于我刚讲到的那些因子，

based on those factors I was just telling you about.

这个数量超出预期。

So right there's the gap.

所以没错，这里有个差距。

Next question is why.

下一个问题是为什么。

Well, it turns out homeless folks often need services.

结果发现， 那些流浪汉经常需要社会服务。

And when those services are unavailable, when they can't get their meds,

当他们获取不到服务， 当他们无法拿到他们的药时，

they lose their spot in the shelter,

他们会失去在庇护所的位置，

they're more likely to engage in behaviors that end up with folks calling the cops.

他们就更有可能做出 让别人报警的行为。

And when the cops show up,

当警察出现，

they're more likely to resist intervention,

他们更有可能反抗其介入，

oftentimes because they haven't actually done anything illegal,

很多时候因为 他们没有做任何非法的事情，

they're literally just living outside.

只是他们睡在大街上。

The problem wasn't a need to train officers differently in Minneapolis.

明尼阿波利斯的问题 不是需要改变训练警察的方法，

The problem was the fact that folks were using the cops

问题是，人们一开始就利用警察

to "treat" substance abuse and homelessness in the first place.

来“对待”那些 药物滥用和无家可归的人。

So the city of Minneapolis found a way to deliver social services

所以明尼阿波利斯找到了 一个为流浪社区

and city resources

提供社会服务和城市资源的方法，

to the homeless community before anybody ever called the cops.

甚至在任何人报警之前。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now the problem isn't always homelessness, right?

问题不总是那些流浪汉，对吧？

Sometimes the problem is fear of immigration enforcement,

有时问题是对移民政策的恐惧，

like it was in Salt Lake City, or it is in Houston,

比如盐湖城，或休斯顿。

where the chiefs had to come forward

那里的警长们需要站出来

and say, "We're not going to deport you just for calling 911."

并说：“我们不会因为你报警 而将你驱逐出境。”

Or the problem is foot pursuits,

或是徒步追击问题，

like it was in Las Vegas,

例如拉斯维加斯。

where they had to train their officers to slow down and take a breath

那里的警官需要 训练警官们慢下来，喘个气，

instead of allowing the adrenaline in that situation to escalate it.

而不是任凭 肾上腺素在那个场景下飙升。

It's searches in Oakland;

在奥克兰有无数的搜查；

it's pulling folks out of cars in San Jose;

在圣荷西有把人拉出车辆的事情；

it's the way that they patrol the neighborhoods

这是他们在匹兹堡 3 区 以及巴尔的摩

that make up Zone 3 in Pittsburgh

最靠近海滨区域

and the Black neighborhoods closest to the waterfront in Baltimore.

的黑人社区的巡逻方式。

但是每个城市，

But in each city,

if we can give them a solvable problem,

如果我们可以给他们可解决的问题，

they get busy solving it.

他们就会忙于解决它。

And together our partners have seen an average of 25 percent fewer arrests,

我们所有的合作伙伴已经见证， 平均逮捕率 下降了 25% ，

fewer use-of-force incidents

武力使用事件更少，

and 13 percent fewer officer-related injuries.

警察相关伤害事件下降了 13%。

Essentially, by identifying the biggest gaps

通过识别那些最大的差距

and directing police attentions to solving it,

并且转移警察注意力去解决它，

we can deliver a data-driven vaccine against racial disparities in policing.

我们可以制作一剂数据驱动疫苗 对抗警务中的种族差异对待。

Right now, we have the capacity to partner with about 40 cities at a time.

现在，我们有能力 同时与约 40 个城市合作，

That means if we want the United States to stop feeling exhausted

这意味着如果我们想要美国

不再因为尝试解决不可解问题 而精疲力尽，

from trying to solve an impossible problem,

we're going to need a lot more infrastructure.

我们将需要 更多的基础设施的投入。

Because our goal is to have our tools be able to scale

因为我们的目标是 让我们的工具能够无限放大

the brilliance of dedicated organizers

那些敬业的组织者和具有改革意识

and reform-minded chiefs.

的长官们的光辉才华。

So to get there we're going to need the kind of collective will

为了达成这个目的， 我们需要集体意志：

解除学校种族隔离，

that desegregated schools

and won the franchise for the sons and daughters of former slaves

并为奴隶的后代赢取特权，

这样我们就可以建立

so that we can build a kind of health care system

能在全国范围内提供疫苗的 健康医疗体系。

capable of delivering our vaccine across the country.

Because our audacious idea

因为我们大胆创新的想法

is to deliver a CompStat for justice

是在未来五年，

to departments serving 100 million people across the United States

为美国上下服务 1 亿人民的部门

in the next five years.

创造为公正而生的 CompStat。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声与喝彩）

Doing that would mean arming about a third of the United States

做这事代表着 为1/3 的美国警察在

with tools to reduce racial disparities in police stops, arrests and use of force,

制止、逮捕和使用武力过程中 提供减少种族歧视的工具，

but also tools to reduce predatory cash bail

该工具也能减少掠夺性现金保释、

and mass incarceration,

大规模监禁、

family instability

家庭不稳定、

and chronic mental health and substance abuse issues,

慢性精神健康和药物滥用问题，

and every other ill that our broken criminal-legal systems aggravate.

以及所有其他加剧恶化 我们刑事法律制度的不合理现象。

Because every unnecessary arrest we can prevent

因为每一起我们能阻止的 非必要逮捕

saves a family from the terrifying journey through each one of those systems.

都能挽救一个家庭， 免于被任一系统制度的摧残践踏。

Just like every gun we can leave holstered

就像每一次我们把枪留在枪套中，

saves an entire community from a lifetime of grief.

都能避免整个社区的一生悲伤。

Look, each and every one of us,

我们每个人、每一次，

we measure the things that matter to us.

都会丈量我们在意的事情。

Businesses measure profit;

生意人计算利润，

good students keep track of their grades;

好学生持续追踪自己的成绩，

families chart the growth of their children

家人们在门框边用笔

with pencil markings in doorframes.

记录他们孩子的成长。

We all measure the things that matter most to us,

我们都在丈量自己最在意的事情，

which is why we feel the neglect

这就是为什么

当没人愿意费力去测量的时候， 我们感到被忽视。

when nobody's bothering to measure anything at all.

For the past quarter millennium,

在过去的 25 年间，

we've defined the problems of race and policing

我们已经将 警务和种族的问题定义成

in a way that's functionally impossible to measure.

一个功能上不可测量的问题。

But now the science says we can just change that definition.

但现在，科学表明 我们只需要改变那个定义。

And the folks at the Center for Policing Equity,

在警务公正中心的人们，

我实际上认为我们已测量的

I actually think we may have measured

警察行为可能是人类历史上最多的。

more police behavior than any one in human history.

And that means that once we have the will

这意味着一旦我们有了意志

and the resources to do it,

以及资源去做这件事，

this could be the generation

我们有机会成为第一代

that stops feeling like racism is an unsolvable problem

不再认为种族主义 是一个不可解问题的人，

and instead sees

我们反而会看到

that what's been necessary for far too long is possible.

一件必要的，却已经等待了 太久的事情，成为了可能。

Thank you.

谢谢。

（掌声与喝彩）

(Applause and cheers)