To help solve global problems, look to developing countries | Bright Simons

翻译人员: Jessie Zhang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

I am an ideas activist.

我是一名创意积极分子。

That means I fight for ideas I believe in

意思就是我为了 自己相信的创意而战，

to have their place in the sun,

无论这些创意 诞生在赤道的哪一边，

regardless of which side of the equator they were born.

都让它们能在阳光下 有一席之地。

As well I should.

我也应该这么做。

I myself am from that part of the world

我自己就来自那个

often euphemistically referred to as either "the Global South"

经常被委婉地称作“南半球“

or "the developing world."

或者”发展中世界“的那部分世界。

But let's be blunt about it:

但是咱们说得直白点:

when we say those words, what we really mean is the poor world --

当我们说那些词的时候， 我们真正想说的是贫穷世界——

those corners of the world with ready-made containers

那个用着别人想出来的、

for the hand-me-down ideas of other places and other people.

现成创意的世界。

But I'm here to depart a little bit from the script

但是我来这是想另辟蹊径，

and to try and convince you

尝试着去说服你们相信，

that these places are actually alive and bubbling with ideas.

这些地方其实很有活力、 充满着创意。

My real issue is: Where do I even start?

我真正的难题是：该从哪开始说起？

So maybe Egypt, Alexandria,

也许先从埃及 的亚历山大港，我们遇见

where we meet Rizwan.

里兹万（Rizwan）的地方说起吧。

When he walks outside his souk,

当他走出市场，

walks into a pharmacy for heart medicine

进了一家药店去买能够

that can prevent the blood in his arteries from clotting,

防止动脉血栓的心脏病药时，

he confronts the fact that,

他面临着这样一个事实，

despite a growing epidemic

就是即使埃及 82% 的死亡

that currently accounts for 82 percent of all deaths in Egypt,

都由一个正在扩散的流行病造成，

it is the medicines that can address these conditions

但是造假者们，

that counterfeiters, ever the evil geniuses they are,

这些邪恶的天才们，

have decided to target.

偏偏选中了能治疗这些病的药。

Counterfeiters making knockoff medicines.

造假者们正在造假药。

Luckily for Rizwan,

里兹万很幸运，

my team and I,

因为我和我的团队

working in partnership with the largest pharmaceutical company in Africa,

和非洲最大的制药公司联合，

have placed unique codes -- think of them like one-time passwords --

在埃及每一包卖得最好的 心脏药上面加上了独特的编码，

on each pack of the best-selling heart medicine in Egypt.

可以把这些编码想象成一次性密码。

So when Rizwan buys heart medicine,

所以当里兹万买心脏药的时候，

he can key in these one-time passwords

他可以把这些一次性密码

to a toll-free short code

发送至一个免费的短号码，

that we've set up on all the telecom companies in Egypt

这个短号码我们在埃及的

所有电信公司都免费设置了。

for free.

He gets a message -- call it the message of life --

然后他会收到一条短信—— 叫它生命的短信吧——

which reassures him

确保他买的药

that this medicine is not one of the 12 percent of all medicines in Egypt

不是埃及所有药中

that are counterfeits.

那 12% 的假药。

From the gorgeous banks of the Nile,

从尼罗河动人的岸边，

we glide into the beautiful Rift Valley of Kenya.

我们来到肯尼亚美丽的裂谷。

In Narok Town, we meet Ole Lenku, salt-of-the-earth fellow.

在纳罗克镇，我们遇到了欧雷·蓝库， 他属于社会中坚力量那一类。

When he walks into an agrodealer's shop,

当他走进一个农产品商店的时候，

all he wants is certified and proper cabbage seeds

他想要的，不过是能买到认证了的、 合适的卷心菜种子，

that, if he were to plant them,

让他能种下去之后

will yield a harvest rich enough

有个好收成，

that he can pay for the school fees of his children.

然后他可以给孩子交学费。

That's all he wants.

他只想要这么多。

Unfortunately,

不幸的是，

by the reckoning of most international organizations,

大多数国际组织计算出，

40 percent of all the seeds sold in Eastern and Southern Africa

在东非和南非售卖的所有种子中，

are of questionable quality,

40% 的种子有质量问题，

sometimes outrightly fake.

甚至有一些完全就是假货。

Luckily for Ole,

欧雷很幸运，

once again, our team has been at work,

我们的团队又一次行动起来了，

and, working with the leading agriculture regulator in Kenya,

我们和肯尼亚领头 的农业监管组织合作，

we've digitized the entire certification process

将这个国家的每一类种子

for seeds in that country,

——小米、高粱、玉米——

的认证过程彻底数字化了，

every seed -- millet, sorghum, maize --

这样当欧雷·蓝库发送 一袋小米种子上的编码时，

such that when Ole Lenku keys in a code on a packet of millet,

he's able to retrieve a digital certificate

他能收到一个数字证书，

that assures him that the seed is properly certified.

证实种子是经过有效认证的。

From Kenya, we head to Noida in India,

从肯尼亚， 我们来到了印度的诺伊达，

where the irrepressible Ambika

在那里，不甘屈服的安比卡(Ambika)

is holding on very fast to her dream of becoming an elite athlete,

正坚守着她成为 一名精英运动员的梦想，

safe in the knowledge that

她知道，

because of our ingredients rating technology,

因为我们的原料评级技术，

she's not going to ingest something accidentally,

她不会意外吃下什么东西，

which will mess up her doping tests

影响到她的兴奋剂检查结果，

and kick her out of the sports she loves.

从而把她踢出她热爱的运动。

Finally, we alight in Ghana,

最后，我们回到了我的祖国，

my own home country,

加纳（西非城市），

where another problem needs addressing --

在那里，另一个问题有待解决——

the problem of under-vaccination or poor-quality vaccination.

缺乏疫苗接种，或疫苗质量低下。

You see, when you put some vaccines into the bloodstream of an infant,

要知道，当你把疫苗 注射到一个婴儿的血液中时，

you are giving them a lifetime insurance

你是在给他们提供一个

against dangerous diseases that can cripple them or kill them.

对抗致残或致命的危险疾病的保险。

Sometimes, this is for a lifetime.

有时候，这个保险终身有效。

The problem is that vaccines are delicate organisms really,

而问题是，疫苗是 很脆弱，易变质的有机物，

and they need to be stored between two degrees and eight degrees.

它们需要被贮存在 2 到 8 摄氏度之间。

And if you don't do that, they lose their potency,

如果没有这么做， 它们会失去效力，

and they no longer confer the immunity

再也不能给予孩子们

the child deserves.

他们应得的免疫力。

Working with computer vision scientists,

我们和计算机视觉科学家合作，

we've converted simple markers on the vials of vaccines

将疫苗药品上的简单标志

into what you might regard as crude thermometers.

转换成你可以看做是 简易温度计的东西。

So then, these patterns change slowly over time in response to temperature

然后，温度计上的样式会 随着气温而慢慢改变，

until they leave a distinct pattern on the surface of the vaccine,

直到它们在疫苗的表层上 留下一个明显的标记，

such that a nurse, with a scan of the phone,

这样当一个护士 拿手机一扫描，

can detect if the vaccine was stored properly in the right temperature

就可以检测疫苗是否被 贮存在适宜的温度下，

and therefore is still good for use

并在将疫苗 注射到孩子的身体里前，

before administering this to the child --

检测出这个疫苗是否能正常使用——

literally securing the next generation.

真正地保护了下一代。

These are some of the solutions at work saving lives, redeeming societies,

这些是来自这一部分世界的、 正在拯救着生命和社会的

in these parts of the world.

解决方法。

But I would remind you

但是我要提醒各位的是，

that there are powerful ideas behind them,

这些解决方法背后 是有力的观点在支撑着，

and I'll recap a few.

我来简单地重述一下。

One, that social trust is not the same as interpersonal trust.

第一，社会信任和 人与人之间的信任不同。

Two, that the division between consumption and regulation

第二，在一个互利共生 正日益加强的世界里，

in an increasingly interdependent world

消费和监管之间的分离

is no longer viable.

不再可行。

And three, that decentralized autonomy,

第三，不论西方的区块链狂热者——

regardless of what our blockchain enthusiasts in the West --

我非常尊重他们——说什么，

分权自治都没有

whom I respect a lot -- say,

are not as important as reinforcing social accountability feedback loops.

加强社会责任反馈回路那么重要。

These are some of the ideas.

这些就是其中的一些观点。

Now, every time I go somewhere and I give this speech

现在，每当我去到某处做这个演讲，

and I make these comments and I provide these examples,

给出这些评论，抛出这些例子，

people say, "If these ideas are so damn brilliant,

总有人说，“如果这些创意这么牛，

why aren't they everywhere?

为什么没在全世界施行呢？

I've never heard of them."

我从来没听说过这些创意。”

I want to assure you,

我想跟各位保证，

the reason why you have not heard of these ideas

你们没听过这些创意的原因

is exactly the point I made in the beginning.

正是我演讲开头就说明了的。

And that is that there are parts of the world

这个世界有些地区的

whose good ideas simply don't scale

好创意没法大规模被实施

because of the latitude on which they were born.

仅仅是因为它们诞生的纬度不对。

I call that "mental latitude imperialism."

我称其为“精神纬度帝国主义”。

(Laughter)

（笑）

That really is the reason.

真的是这个原因。

But you may counter and say, "Well, maybe it's an important problem,

但是可能你会反对说， “也许这个问题挺重要的，

but it's sort of an obscure problem in parts of the world.

但它只是世界部分地区的 不太显眼的问题，

Why do you want to globalize such problems?

为什么你要把它全球化呢？

I mean, they are better local."

它们最好只限制在当地。”

如果我回答你，

What if, in response, I told you

that actually, underlying each of these problems that I've described

事实上，我所描述的每个问题，

is a fundamental issue of the breakdown of trust

其根源都是市场和机构

in markets and institutions,

的信任崩溃，

and that there's nothing more global, more universal, closer to you and I

而没有任何问题能比信任问题 更具全球性、更具普遍性、

than the problem of trust.

更贴近你我了。

For example, a quarter of all the seafood marketed in the US is falsely labeled.

比如，美国市场上的海鲜 有四分之一被贴错了标签。

So when you buy a tuna or salmon sandwich in Manhattan,

所以当你在曼哈顿买了一个 金枪鱼或三文鱼三明治的时候，

you are eating something that could be banned for being toxic in Japan.

你可能正吃着日本禁食的有毒食物。

Literally.

真的。

Most of you have heard of a time when horsemeat was masquerading as beef

你们大多数人都听说过有一阵子， 马肉在欧洲被假装成牛肉

in burger patties in Europe?

放在汉堡的肉饼里吧？

You have.

你们听说过。

你们不知道的是， 这些假肉饼很大一部分

What you don't know is that a good chunk of these fake meat patties

were also contaminated with cadmium, which can damage your kidneys.

都被镉污染了， 而镉能损害你的肾脏。

This was Europe.

这是在欧洲。

Many of you are aware of plane crashes and you worry about plane crashes,

你们很多人都知道飞机事故， 也担心飞机失事，

because every now and then, one of them intrudes into your consciousness.

因为不时地，有一些飞机失事 的新闻会触动你们的神经。

But I bet you don't know

但我打赌你们不知道，

that a single investigation uncovered one million counterfeit incidents

曾经一次调查就揭发了 美国航空供应链里

in the aeronautical supply chain in the US.

的一百万个造假事件。

So this is a global problem, full stop.

所以，这是一个全球性的问题， 不接受反驳。

It's a global problem.

这是个全世界的问题。

The only reason we are not addressing it with the urgency it deserves

我们没有抓紧着手 解决它的唯一原因，

就是那些最好的解决办法、

is that the best solutions,

the most advanced solutions, the most progressive solutions,

最先进的办法和最进步的办法，

are, unfortunately, in parts of the world where solutions don't scale.

不幸地存在于这些办法 无法大规模实施的地区。

And that is why it is not surprising

也正因如此，

that attempts to create this same verification models for pharmaceuticals

美国和欧洲的药物验证模式 要落后十年并不令人惊讶，

are now a decade behind in the USA and Europe,

而这样一种模式

while it's already available in Nigeria.

在尼日利亚都已经成型了。

A decade, and costing a hundred times more.

落后十年， 而且多花一百倍的钱不止。

And that is why, when you walk into a Walgreens in New York,

所以，当你走进一家纽约 的全国连锁药店，

you cannot check the source of your medicine,

你是查不到药物的来源的，

但在北尼日利亚的 梅杜古里(Maiduguri)，你查得到。

but you can in Maiduguri in Northern Nigeria.

That is the reality.

这是事实。

（掌声）

(Applause)

这是事实。

That is the reality.

（掌声）

(Applause)

So we go back to the issue of ideas.

我们回到创意的问题上来。

Remember, solutions are merely packaged ideas,

记住，办法只是被包装的创意，

so it is the ideas that are most important.

所以创意才是最重要的。

In a world where we marginalize the ideas of the Global South,

在一个我们把南半球的创意 边缘化的世界里，

we cannot create globally inclusive problem-solving models.

我们创造不出全球通用的 问题解决模型。

Now, you might say, "Well, that's bad,

这时候，你可能会说， “那挺糟的，

but in such a world where we have so many other problems,

但是在这样一个还有着 其它许多问题的世界里，

do we need another cause?"

我们需要另一个事业吗？”

I say yes, we need another cause.

我会说是的，我们需要。

事实上，这个事业会让你惊讶： 智力公正的事业。

Actually, that cause will surprise you: the cause of intellectual justice.

你说，“什么？智力公正？ 在一个人权遭到迫害的世界？”

You say, "What? Intellectual justice? In a world of human rights abuses?"

And I explain this way:

我会这么解释：

all the solutions to the other problems that affect us and confront us

我们面临的一切问题都需要

need solutions.

解决办法。

So you need the best ideas to address them.

所以， 你需要最好的创意去解决它们。

And that is why today I ask you,

因此，我今天在这里请求各位，

can we all give it one time for intellectual justice?

能否给智力公正一次机会？

(Applause)

（掌声）