To help solve global problems, look to developing countries | Bright Simons

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

I am an ideas activist.

我是點子活動家。

That means I fight for ideas I believe in

意思就是，我會為了 我所相信的點子而戰，

to have their place in the sun,

讓它們在太陽底下有一席之地，

regardless of which side of the equator they were born.

不論這些點子是在 赤道的哪一邊誕生的。

As well I should.

我也該這麼做。

I myself am from that part of the world

我的家鄉，在世界上通常被稱為

often euphemistically referred to as either "the Global South"

「南方世界」或「開發中世界」。

or "the developing world."

But let's be blunt about it:

但，就直說吧： 當我們說出那些詞時，

when we say those words, what we really mean is the poor world --

我們要說的其實是貧窮世界——

those corners of the world with ready-made containers

世界上的這些角落都是

從其他地方的其他人 那邊取得現成的點子。

for the hand-me-down ideas of other places and other people.

But I'm here to depart a little bit from the script

但，我來這裡要談的有些不同，

and to try and convince you

我想要試著說服各位，

that these places are actually alive and bubbling with ideas.

這些地方其實充滿了點子。

My real issue is: Where do I even start?

我真正的問題在於： 我該從何談起？

So maybe Egypt, Alexandria,

也許埃及的亞歷山大港吧，

where we meet Rizwan.

這是瑞茲旺。

When he walks outside his souk,

當他走出他的露天市場，

walks into a pharmacy for heart medicine

走去藥房買心臟藥物，

that can prevent the blood in his arteries from clotting,

避免他的動脈栓塞，

he confronts the fact that,

他要面對的事實是，

despite a growing epidemic

儘管這種疾病越來越盛行，

that currently accounts for 82 percent of all deaths in Egypt,

佔目前埃及 82% 的死因，

it is the medicines that can address these conditions

而治療這些疾病的藥物

that counterfeiters, ever the evil geniuses they are,

就被有著才智的邪惡偽造者看上，

have decided to target.

成為目標。

Counterfeiters making knockoff medicines.

偽造者會製造假藥。

Luckily for Rizwan,

瑞茲旺很幸運，

my team and I,

我和我的團隊

working in partnership with the largest pharmaceutical company in Africa,

與非洲最大的製藥公司合作，

have placed unique codes -- think of them like one-time passwords --

將獨一無二的代碼—— 可以把它想成是一次性密碼——

on each pack of the best-selling heart medicine in Egypt.

放在埃及賣得最好的 心臟藥物的包裝上。

So when Rizwan buys heart medicine,

當瑞茲旺在購買心臟藥物時，

he can key in these one-time passwords

他便能將那些一次性密碼，

to a toll-free short code

透過免付費電話輸入，

that we've set up on all the telecom companies in Egypt

這是我們和埃及的所有 電信業者合作設立的機制，

for free.

免費使用。

He gets a message -- call it the message of life --

他會得到一個訊息—— 可以稱為是救命的訊息——

which reassures him

跟他保證

that this medicine is not one of the 12 percent of all medicines in Egypt

這件藥物不屬於埃及所有藥物中

that are counterfeits.

那 12% 的假貨。

From the gorgeous banks of the Nile,

我們從尼羅河的壯麗河岸

we glide into the beautiful Rift Valley of Kenya.

滑進到肯亞的美麗裂谷中。

In Narok Town, we meet Ole Lenku, salt-of-the-earth fellow.

這位是納羅克鎮的 優秀鎮民歐雷林庫。

When he walks into an agrodealer's shop,

當他走進農業經銷商的店，

all he wants is certified and proper cabbage seeds

他想要的只是有認證的 真甘藍菜種子，

that, if he were to plant them,

如果他種下這些種子，

will yield a harvest rich enough

豐富的產出就足以

that he can pay for the school fees of his children.

讓他支付他孩子的學費。

That's all he wants.

他要的就只有這樣。

Unfortunately,

不幸的是，

by the reckoning of most international organizations,

根據大部分國際組織的計算，

40 percent of all the seeds sold in Eastern and Southern Africa

賣到東非和南非的種子當中 有 40% 的品質很可疑，

are of questionable quality,

有時根本就是假貨。

sometimes outrightly fake.

Luckily for Ole,

歐雷很幸運，

once again, our team has been at work,

同樣的，我們的團隊也有介入，

and, working with the leading agriculture regulator in Kenya,

和肯亞主要的農業監管機構合作，

we've digitized the entire certification process

我們把該國的整個種子認證過程

for seeds in that country,

數位化，

every seed -- millet, sorghum, maize --

每一個種子都不例外—— 黍、高粱、玉米——

such that when Ole Lenku keys in a code on a packet of millet,

這麼一來，

當歐雷林庫將黍類種子 包裝上的代碼輸入後，

he's able to retrieve a digital certificate

他就能夠取得一個數位認證，

that assures him that the seed is properly certified.

向他確保那包種子 有經過妥善的認證。

From Kenya, we head to Noida in India,

從肯亞，我們朝向 印度的諾伊達前進，

where the irrepressible Ambika

在那裡，活力旺盛的安比卡

is holding on very fast to her dream of becoming an elite athlete,

能堅持追尋她的夢想： 成為出色的運動員，

safe in the knowledge that

她感到安全，因為她知道

because of our ingredients rating technology,

有我們的成份評分技術在，

she's not going to ingest something accidentally,

她就不會意外吃下不該吃的東西，

which will mess up her doping tests

讓她過不了禁藥檢測，

and kick her out of the sports she loves.

因而被踢出她最愛的運動圈。

Finally, we alight in Ghana,

最後，我們來到迦納，

my own home country,

我的祖國，

where another problem needs addressing --

在那裡，有另一個 問題需要處理——

the problem of under-vaccination or poor-quality vaccination.

接種疫苗的比率太低， 或疫苗品質太差。

You see, when you put some vaccines into the bloodstream of an infant,

當疫苗被注入到嬰兒的血液當中，

you are giving them a lifetime insurance

就是給予這名嬰兒一生的保證，

against dangerous diseases that can cripple them or kill them.

確保能夠抵抗可能會讓他們 癱瘓或死亡的危險疾病。

Sometimes, this is for a lifetime.

有時，這能維持一生。

The problem is that vaccines are delicate organisms really,

問題是，疫苗其實 是很脆弱的有機體，

and they need to be stored between two degrees and eight degrees.

必須要保存在 2~8 度的環境中。

And if you don't do that, they lose their potency,

如果沒有這麼做，就會失去效力，

and they no longer confer the immunity

不再能給予孩子 他們應得到的免疫力。

the child deserves.

Working with computer vision scientists,

我們和電腦視覺科學家合作，

we've converted simple markers on the vials of vaccines

將疫苗瓶上的簡單標識轉換

into what you might regard as crude thermometers.

成為類似天然溫度計的東西。

So then, these patterns change slowly over time in response to temperature

這些模式會根據溫度 隨時間緩慢地改變，

until they leave a distinct pattern on the surface of the vaccine,

直到它們在疫苗瓶的表面 留下明確的模式，

such that a nurse, with a scan of the phone,

之後，護士可以用手機掃瞄，

can detect if the vaccine was stored properly in the right temperature

偵測出疫苗是否有 儲存在正確的溫度底下，

and therefore is still good for use

在為孩子施打疫苗之前， 就先判斷疫苗是否可以使用，

before administering this to the child --

literally securing the next generation.

真正確保下一代的安全。

These are some of the solutions at work saving lives, redeeming societies,

在世界的這些地區， 有一些實施中的解決方案

能夠拯救生命，挽救社會。

in these parts of the world.

But I would remind you

但，我要提醒各位，

that there are powerful ideas behind them,

在它們背後有著強大的點子，

and I'll recap a few.

讓我重述其中幾項。

One, that social trust is not the same as interpersonal trust.

第一，社會信任 和人際信任是不同的。

Two, that the division between consumption and regulation

第二，在越來越 相互依賴的世界中，

in an increasingly interdependent world

消費和規制之間的分歧

is no longer viable.

已經不再可行。

And three, that decentralized autonomy,

第三，分散式的自治，

regardless of what our blockchain enthusiasts in the West --

不管在西方的區塊鏈熱衷者—— 我很尊敬他們——

whom I respect a lot -- say,

are not as important as reinforcing social accountability feedback loops.

重要性不如強化 社會問責性回饋循環。

These are some of the ideas.

上述是其中一些想法。

Now, every time I go somewhere and I give this speech

每當我到某個地方做這樣的演說、

and I make these comments and I provide these examples,

提出這些意見、提供這些例子，

people say, "If these ideas are so damn brilliant,

大家就會說： 「若這些點子這麼棒，

why aren't they everywhere?

為何沒有散播出去？ 我從未聽過它們。」

I've never heard of them."

I want to assure you,

我要向各位保證，

the reason why you have not heard of these ideas

你們還沒有聽過這些點子的原因，

is exactly the point I made in the beginning.

正是我在一開始所提出的論點。

And that is that there are parts of the world

那個論點就是， 在世界上的某些地區，

whose good ideas simply don't scale

那些好點子無法做大，

because of the latitude on which they were born.

因為它們誕生地緯度限制了它們。

I call that "mental latitude imperialism."

我稱之為「心理緯度帝國主義」。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

That really is the reason.

那真的就是背後的原因。

But you may counter and say, "Well, maybe it's an important problem,

但，各位可能會反駁說： 「嗯，也許那是個重要的問題，

but it's sort of an obscure problem in parts of the world.

但似乎只是世界上 某些偏僻地區的問題。

Why do you want to globalize such problems?

何必把它們全球化？

I mean, they are better local."

維持地方性不是更好？」

What if, in response, I told you

那如果，我的回應是告訴你，

that actually, underlying each of these problems that I've described

在我剛才所描述的 每一個問題背後，

is a fundamental issue of the breakdown of trust

都可追溯到一個根本的議題： 對於市場和制度的信任在瓦解，

in markets and institutions,

and that there's nothing more global, more universal, closer to you and I

沒有任何問題比信任問題更 全球性、更普遍、與你我更切身。

than the problem of trust.

For example, a quarter of all the seafood marketed in the US is falsely labeled.

比如，在美國的海鮮市場中

有四分之一的標籤是造假的。

So when you buy a tuna or salmon sandwich in Manhattan,

當你在曼哈頓購買 一個鮪魚或鮭魚三明治，

you are eating something that could be banned for being toxic in Japan.

你可能就吃下了在日本 因為有毒而遭禁的成份。

Literally.

真的。

Most of you have heard of a time when horsemeat was masquerading as beef

大部分人應該都聽過

在歐洲有段時間，馬肉被拿來 頂替漢堡中的牛肉，是吧？

in burger patties in Europe?

You have.

你們聽過，但你們不知道，

What you don't know is that a good chunk of these fake meat patties

這些假肉餅當中有很大一部分

were also contaminated with cadmium, which can damage your kidneys.

也受到鎘污染， 鎘會傷害你的腎臟。

This was Europe.

這是歐洲。

Many of you are aware of plane crashes and you worry about plane crashes,

許多人都知道飛機會墜機， 你們會擔心墜機，

because every now and then, one of them intrudes into your consciousness.

是因為偶爾，就會有一個 墜機事件闖進你的意識當中。

But I bet you don't know

但，我敢說你們不知道，

that a single investigation uncovered one million counterfeit incidents

一項調查發現， 在美國的空中供應鏈中

有一百萬件偽造事件。

in the aeronautical supply chain in the US.

So this is a global problem, full stop.

所以這是個全球性的問題，絕對是。

It's a global problem.

是全球性的。

The only reason we are not addressing it with the urgency it deserves

我們之所以沒有 用它應得的急迫性來處理它，

只因為最佳的解決方案，

is that the best solutions,

the most advanced solutions, the most progressive solutions,

最先進的解決方案， 最進步的解決方案，

are, unfortunately, in parts of the world where solutions don't scale.

很不幸就存在於世界上 解決方案無法做大的那些地區。

And that is why it is not surprising

那就是為什麼，並不意外，

that attempts to create this same verification models for pharmaceuticals

如今歐美在嘗試針對藥品 做出同樣的驗證模型，

are now a decade behind in the USA and Europe,

但卻已經落後了十年，

while it's already available in Nigeria.

奈及利亞已經有了。

A decade, and costing a hundred times more.

十年，且成本還要高至少一百倍。

And that is why, when you walk into a Walgreens in New York,

那就是為什麼在紐約的沃爾格林 連鎖藥局，無法確認藥的來源，

you cannot check the source of your medicine,

但在北奈及利亞的 邁杜古里卻可以。

but you can in Maiduguri in Northern Nigeria.

That is the reality.

那就是現實。（掌聲）

(Applause)

那就是現實。

That is the reality.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So we go back to the issue of ideas.

我們再回到點子的議題上。

Remember, solutions are merely packaged ideas,

別忘了，解決方案 只是包裝過的點子，

so it is the ideas that are most important.

所以，最重要的是點子。

In a world where we marginalize the ideas of the Global South,

在這個世界中，我們 忽視南方世界的點子，

we cannot create globally inclusive problem-solving models.

我們無法創造出全球 通用的問題解決模型。

Now, you might say, "Well, that's bad,

各位可能會說：「嗯，那真糟，

but in such a world where we have so many other problems,

但，在這個世界上， 我們還有許多其他問題，

do we need another cause?"

我們還需要另一個目標嗎？」

I say yes, we need another cause.

我會說是，我們需要另一個目標。

Actually, that cause will surprise you: the cause of intellectual justice.

事實上，那個目標會讓你們 驚訝：智慧正義的目標。

你們會說：「什麼？智慧正義？ 在人權被濫用的世界裡？」

You say, "What? Intellectual justice? In a world of human rights abuses?"

And I explain this way:

我會這樣解釋：

all the solutions to the other problems that affect us and confront us

其他問題的解決方案， 若會影響我們、

對抗我們，就也需要解決方案。

need solutions.

So you need the best ideas to address them.

需要用最好的點子來處理它們。

And that is why today I ask you,

那就是為什麼， 今天我想要問大家：

can we all give it one time for intellectual justice?

我們大家能不能一起給予 智慧正義一次機會？

(Applause)

（掌聲）