Anders Ynnerman: Visualizing the medical data explosion

42,202 views ・ 2011-01-21

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
I will start by posing a little bit of a challenge:
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我首先给大家展示一个难题,
00:19
the challenge of dealing with data,
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一个处理数据的难题,
00:22
data that we have to deal with
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处理这些
00:24
in medical situations.
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医学数据的难题。
00:26
It's really a huge challenge for us.
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这对我们来说真的是个很大的挑战。
00:28
And this is our beast of burden --
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这就是让我们头疼的大难题。
00:30
this is a Computer Tomography machine,
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这是一台计算机X射线断层扫描仪--
00:32
a CT machine.
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也就是CT机。
00:34
It's a fantastic device.
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这个是很棒的机器。
00:36
It uses X-rays, X-ray beams,
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它使用X射线,X光束,
00:38
that are rotating very fast around the human body.
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从四面对人体进行快速扫射。
00:41
It takes about 30 seconds to go through the whole machine
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通过这台机器的时间约为30秒,
00:43
and is generating enormous amounts of information
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之后,它能收集到
00:45
that comes out of the machine.
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海量的信息。
00:47
So this is a fantastic machine
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从提高医疗质量的角度看,
00:49
that we can use
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这台机器
00:51
for improving health care,
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真是绝了。
00:53
but as I said, it's also a challenge for us.
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但是,它也同时给我们出了个难题。
00:55
And the challenge is really found in this picture here.
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这个难题就在这张照片里。
00:58
It's the medical data explosion
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我们现在面临着
01:00
that we're having right now.
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医学数据爆炸的难题。
01:02
We're facing this problem.
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这个难题就摆在我们面前。
01:04
And let me step back in time.
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我们来回顾一下历史。
01:06
Let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then.
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我们回到几年以前,看看当时的情况。
01:09
These machines that came out --
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这些机器
01:11
they started coming in the 1970s --
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从二十世纪七十年代开始被投入使用--
01:13
they would scan human bodies,
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它们能够对人体进行扫描,
01:15
and they would generate about 100 images
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拍出100多张
01:17
of the human body.
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人体的透视图。
01:19
And I've taken the liberty, just for clarity,
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恕我冒昧,为了让大家看得更明白,
01:21
to translate that to data slices.
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我把这些数据转化成通俗的比方。
01:24
That would correspond to about 50 megabytes of data,
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这些数据总共有大约50兆,
01:26
which is small
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这不算大,
01:28
when you think about the data we can handle today
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我们今天用普通移动设备处理的信息
01:31
just on normal mobile devices.
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要比这大得多。
01:33
If you translate that to phone books,
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如果你把这些数据转化成电话簿,
01:35
it's about one meter of phone books in the pile.
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那么你会得到高达一米的一堆电话簿。
01:38
Looking at what we're doing today
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再看看我们今天
01:40
with these machines that we have,
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所使用的这些机器,
01:42
we can, just in a few seconds,
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我们可以在短短几秒钟内
01:44
get 24,000 images out of a body,
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得到24000张人体透视图。
01:46
and that would correspond to about 20 gigabytes of data,
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这相当于20千兆的数据,
01:49
or 800 phone books,
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或800本电话簿。
01:51
and the pile would then be 200 meters of phone books.
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这些电话簿堆起来足有200米高。
01:53
What's about to happen --
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接下来会发生什么呢--
01:55
and we're seeing this; it's beginning --
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我们所看到的,是一个开始--
01:57
a technology trend that's happening right now
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一种技术的发展趋势,
01:59
is that we're starting to look at time-resolved situations as well.
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我们开始考虑耗时的问题。
02:02
So we're getting the dynamics out of the body as well.
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我们甚至可以捕捉人体的动态。
02:05
And just assume
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试想一下,
02:07
that we will be collecting data during five seconds,
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我们在5秒钟内收集的数据,
02:10
and that would correspond to one terabyte of data --
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大小为一百万兆。
02:12
that's 800,000 books
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那相当于八十万本书
02:14
and 16 kilometers of phone books.
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或一万六千米厚的电话簿。
02:16
That's one patient, one data set.
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这只是从一个患者身上采集的一组数据。
02:18
And this is what we have to deal with.
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这就是我们面临的难题。
02:20
So this is really the enormous challenge that we have.
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一个巨大的挑战。
02:23
And already today -- this is 25,000 images.
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这里有两万五千个图像,
02:26
Imagine the days
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试想一下,
02:28
when we had radiologists doing this.
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在过去,放射线专家是这样工作的。
02:30
They would put up 25,000 images,
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那么今天,他们就得把两万五千张图放上去,
02:32
they would go like this, "25,0000, okay, okay.
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这样一张张地看:“第两万五千张,好了好了,
02:35
There is the problem."
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找到问题了。”
02:37
They can't do that anymore. That's impossible.
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现在他们可不能这么做了;这是不可能的。
02:39
So we have to do something that's a little bit more intelligent than doing this.
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那么我们就必须使一点小聪明。
02:43
So what we do is that we put all these slices together.
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我们把这些图片整合在一起。
02:45
Imagine that you slice your body in all these directions,
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假设你把自己从各个角度切成簿片,
02:48
and then you try to put the slices back together again
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接着,再把这些簿片拼回去,
02:51
into a pile of data, into a block of data.
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组成一个数据堆,再组成一个数据块。
02:53
So this is really what we're doing.
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这就是我们的工作。
02:55
So this gigabyte or terabyte of data, we're putting it into this block.
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我们把这千兆或百万兆的数据整合成这个数据块。
02:58
But of course, the block of data
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当然,这个数据块
03:00
just contains the amount of X-ray
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只包含了被人体吸收了的
03:02
that's been absorbed in each point in the human body.
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X光所呈现出的人体各个部位。
03:04
So what we need to do is to figure out a way
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我们需要的是,找出一种方法
03:06
of looking at the things we do want to look at
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让我们看到,我们想要看到的部位,
03:09
and make things transparent that we don't want to look at.
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同时把那些我们不需要看到的部分隐藏起来。
03:12
So transforming the data set
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把数据转化为
03:14
into something that looks like this.
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这样的形式。
03:16
And this is a challenge.
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这是颇具挑战的。
03:18
This is a huge challenge for us to do that.
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而且是个艰巨的挑战。
03:21
Using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time,
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使用计算机虽然能够更快更好地得到数据,
03:24
it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data,
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但是在得到几千兆
03:26
terabytes of data
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甚至上百万兆的数据之后
03:28
and extracting the relevant information.
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如何从中抽取有用信息,成了巨大的挑战。
03:30
I want to look at the heart.
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我想透视心脏,
03:32
I want to look at the blood vessels. I want to look at the liver.
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透视那些血管,肝脏,
03:34
Maybe even find a tumor,
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在某些情况下,
03:36
in some cases.
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我要看是否有肿瘤。
03:39
So this is where this little dear comes into play.
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这时这个小宝贝给了我启示。
03:41
This is my daughter.
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这是我女儿。
03:43
This is as of 9 a.m. this morning.
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照片上是早上九点。
03:45
She's playing a computer game.
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她正在玩电脑游戏。
03:47
She's only two years old,
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她才两岁。
03:49
and she's having a blast.
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看她玩得眉飞色舞的。
03:51
So she's really the driving force
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她就是图形处理器
03:54
behind the development of graphics-processing units.
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得到发展的原动力。
03:58
As long as kids are playing computer games,
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只要孩子们继续玩电脑游戏,
04:00
graphics is getting better and better and better.
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电脑制图的技术就会越来越好。
04:02
So please go back home, tell your kids to play more games,
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所以请大家回去以后多多鼓励自己的孩子打电脑游戏,
04:04
because that's what I need.
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这对我帮助太大了。
04:06
So what's inside of this machine
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这台机器
04:08
is what enables me to do the things that I'm doing
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帮助我
04:10
with the medical data.
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分析医学数据。
04:12
So really what I'm doing is using these fantastic little devices.
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我所利用的就是这些神奇的小设备。
04:15
And you know, going back
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时间倒退
04:17
maybe 10 years in time
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到大概十年以前,
04:19
when I got the funding
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我得到赞助,
04:21
to buy my first graphics computer --
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购买了第一台绘图电脑。
04:23
it was a huge machine.
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它是台巨大的机器,
04:25
It was cabinets of processors and storage and everything.
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由许多处理器,存储器等等组成的大柜子。
04:28
I paid about one million dollars for that machine.
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这台机器花了我一百万美元。
04:32
That machine is, today, about as fast as my iPhone.
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这台机器运算的速度跟我的iPhone差不多。
04:37
So every month there are new graphics cards coming out,
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每个月都有新的显卡上市。
04:39
and here is a few of the latest ones from the vendors --
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这是商家最新推出的产品--
04:42
NVIDIA, ATI, Intel is out there as well.
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英伟达(NVIDIA),冶天(ATI),还有因特尔的产品也出来了。
04:45
And you know, for a few hundred bucks
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花个几百美元,
04:47
you can get these things and put them into your computer,
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你就能把这些东西买到手,装到自己电脑上,
04:49
and you can do fantastic things with these graphics cards.
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这些显卡能完成许多不可思议的事情。
04:52
So this is really what's enabling us
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这就是
04:54
to deal with the explosion of data in medicine,
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我们控制医疗数据爆炸的法宝,
04:57
together with some really nifty work
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再加上一些
04:59
in terms of algorithms --
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绝妙的演算--
05:01
compressing data,
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精简数据,
05:03
extracting the relevant information that people are doing research on.
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提取研究用的相关数据。
05:06
So I'm going to show you a few examples of what we can do.
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接下来我会为大家展示我们的工作成果。
05:09
This is a data set that was captured using a CT scanner.
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这是一组由CT机采集的数据。
05:12
You can see that this is a full data [set].
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这是一组完整的数据。
05:15
It's a woman. You can see the hair.
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这是一位女性。你们能看到她的发丝。
05:18
You can see the individual structures of the woman.
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还能看到她各个部位的结构。
05:21
You can see that there is [a] scattering of X-rays
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你们可以看到她的牙齿以及里面的金属
05:24
on the teeth, the metal in the teeth.
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在X光效果下的成像。
05:26
That's where those artifacts are coming from.
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那是人造的部分。
05:29
But fully interactively
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但是通过使用,
05:31
on standard graphics cards on a normal computer,
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装有标准显卡的普通电脑,
05:34
I can just put in a clip plane.
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我就可以装入一个剪切平面软件。
05:36
And of course all the data is inside,
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所有的数据都在里面,
05:38
so I can start rotating, I can look at it from different angles,
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我可以进行翻转,从不同角度观察,
05:41
and I can see that this woman had a problem.
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可以看到这位女性的问题是在哪里。
05:44
She had a bleeding up in the brain,
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她的大脑有一处出血,
05:46
and that's been fixed with a little stent,
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医生用一个支架对其进行修复,
05:48
a metal clamp that's tightening up the vessel.
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那是一个金属钳锁紧了那根血管。
05:50
And just by changing the functions,
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有了调节功能,
05:52
then I can decide what's going to be transparent
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我就能自由决定哪些部分可以被隐去,
05:55
and what's going to be visible.
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哪些部位可以凸显出来。
05:57
I can look at the skull structure,
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我可以看到头骨的结构,
05:59
and I can see that, okay, this is where they opened up the skull on this woman,
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好的,这位女性曾经做过开颅手术,
06:02
and that's where they went in.
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他们是从这个部位进去的。
06:04
So these are fantastic images.
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这些都是非常精密的视图,
06:06
They're really high resolution,
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分辨率极高,
06:08
and they're really showing us what we can do
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让我们看到了
06:10
with standard graphics cards today.
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现今标准显卡的真正能耐。
06:13
Now we have really made use of this,
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我们很好地利用了这个技术,
06:15
and we have tried to squeeze a lot of data
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把大量的数据
06:18
into the system.
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压缩到这个系统里。
06:20
And one of the applications that we've been working on --
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这是我们正在研究的应用之一--
06:22
and this has gotten a little bit of traction worldwide --
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这在世界范围内引起了不小的轰动--
06:25
is the application of virtual autopsies.
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这就是模拟验尸技术。
06:27
So again, looking at very, very large data sets,
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看着这庞大的数据群,
06:29
and you saw those full-body scans that we can do.
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你们刚才看到我们能做全身扫描。
06:32
We're just pushing the body through the whole CT scanner,
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我们只要让整个人体通过CT机,
06:35
and just in a few seconds we can get a full-body data set.
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不到几秒钟,我们就能得到全身的数据。
06:38
So this is from a virtual autopsy.
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这就是一次虚拟验尸。
06:40
And you can see how I'm gradually peeling off.
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你们可以看到我正在一层一层把画面剥开。
06:42
First you saw the body bag that the body came in,
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首先你看到的是包着裹尸袋的尸体,
06:45
then I'm peeling off the skin -- you can see the muscles --
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接着,我把皮肤剥开-- 你们可以看见肌肉--
06:48
and eventually you can see the bone structure of this woman.
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最后你们可以看见这位女性的骨骼。
06:51
Now at this point, I would also like to emphasize
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现在,我想强调一下,
06:54
that, with the greatest respect
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对以下图片中的死者,
06:56
for the people that I'm now going to show --
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我深怀敬意--
06:58
I'm going to show you a few cases of virtual autopsies --
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我将向大家展示几个模拟验尸的案例--
07:00
so it's with great respect for the people
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我向这些因暴力导致死亡的人们
07:02
that have died under violent circumstances
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表示敬意
07:04
that I'm showing these pictures to you.
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我展示的是他们的验尸情况。
07:08
In the forensic case --
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在法医鉴定的案例中--
07:10
and this is something
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在这几年里
07:12
that ... there's been approximately 400 cases so far
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在瑞典,我所在的地区
07:14
just in the part of Sweden that I come from
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已经有大约400个案例
07:16
that has been undergoing virtual autopsies
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使用了
07:18
in the past four years.
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模拟验尸技术。
07:20
So this will be the typical workflow situation.
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这是验尸的常规程序。
07:23
The police will decide --
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警察会决定--
07:25
in the evening, when there's a case coming in --
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案发当晚,
07:27
they will decide, okay, is this a case where we need to do an autopsy?
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他们会决定,好,我们需要对这个案子进行尸检。
07:30
So in the morning, in between six and seven in the morning,
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于是第二天早上,大概六七点钟,
07:33
the body is then transported inside of the body bag
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尸体就会被放进裹尸袋
07:35
to our center
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运到我们中心
07:37
and is being scanned through one of the CT scanners.
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然后穿过CT机。
07:39
And then the radiologist, together with the pathologist
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接着,放射线专家会,病理学家
07:41
and sometimes the forensic scientist,
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有时候还需要法医,
07:43
looks at the data that's coming out,
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一起进行观察数据,
07:45
and they have a joint session.
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他们会进行综合分析。
07:47
And then they decide what to do in the real physical autopsy after that.
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之后,他们决定在实际的尸检过程中应该如何操作。
07:52
Now looking at a few cases,
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现在我们看一些案例,
07:54
here's one of the first cases that we had.
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这是我们第一批案例的其中之一。
07:56
You can really see the details of the data set.
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你们可以看到数据群的细节;
07:59
It's very high-resolution,
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清晰度非常高。
08:01
and it's our algorithms that allow us
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我们采用的演算法
08:03
to zoom in on all the details.
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让我们可以把细节放大。
08:05
And again, it's fully interactive,
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它完全受你控制,
08:07
so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time
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你可以翻转,在这些设备上
08:09
on these systems here.
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进行实时观察。
08:11
Without saying too much about this case,
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案情就不多说了,
08:13
this is a traffic accident,
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这是一起交通意外,
08:15
a drunk driver hit a woman.
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一个司机酒后驾车撞倒了一位女士。
08:17
And it's very, very easy to see the damages on the bone structure.
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我们可以很清晰地看到她骨头所受的损伤。
08:20
And the cause of death is the broken neck.
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颈骨断裂导致死亡。
08:23
And this women also ended up under the car,
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这位女士被车轮碾压,
08:25
so she's quite badly beaten up
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所以她的颈部
08:27
by this injury.
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受到了严重损伤。
08:29
Here's another case, a knifing.
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这是另一个案例,受害人被刀刺死。
08:32
And this is also again showing us what we can do.
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这也展示了我们的技术。
08:34
It's very easy to look at metal artifacts
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我们能够轻易地让人体内的人造金属物体
08:36
that we can show inside of the body.
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显现出来。
08:39
You can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth --
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大家可以看到死者牙齿里的人造物--
08:42
that's actually the filling of the teeth --
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实际上是补牙的填充物--
08:44
but because I've set the functions to show me metal
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我设定了显示金属的功能,
08:47
and make everything else transparent.
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所以身体其它部位都变得透明了。
08:49
Here's another violent case. This really didn't kill the person.
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这是另外一宗暴力案件。这一处不是致命伤。
08:52
The person was killed by stabs in the heart,
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致命的几刀捅进了心脏,
08:54
but they just deposited the knife
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凶手最后
08:56
by putting it through one of the eyeballs.
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把刀插进死者一只眼球里。
08:58
Here's another case.
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这是另一个案子。
09:00
It's very interesting for us
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研究刀伤
09:02
to be able to look at things like knife stabbings.
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是很有意思的。
09:04
Here you can see that knife went through the heart.
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大家可以看到那把刀穿过了心脏。
09:07
It's very easy to see how air has been leaking
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我们可以很清楚地看到
09:09
from one part to another part,
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空气从一头穿进另一头,
09:11
which is difficult to do in a normal, standard, physical autopsy.
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这在实地的常规标准尸检中是很难看到的。
09:14
So it really, really helps
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在刑事案件的侦察中,
09:16
the criminal investigation
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这对确定死者死因
09:18
to establish the cause of death,
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帮助非常大,
09:20
and in some cases also directing the investigation in the right direction
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在一些案件中,还能协助案件调查,
09:23
to find out who the killer really was.
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找到凶手。
09:25
Here's another case that I think is interesting.
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这里还有一个很有意思的案例。
09:27
Here you can see a bullet
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你们看那颗子弹,
09:29
that has lodged just next to the spine on this person.
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它射在这人的脊椎骨上。
09:32
And what we've done is that we've turned the bullet into a light source,
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我们所做的是,把这颗子弹,处理成一个光源,
09:35
so that bullet is actually shining,
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这样子弹是发光的,
09:37
and it makes it really easy to find these fragments.
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这样便于我们找到这些碎片。
09:40
During a physical autopsy,
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在进行肉体解剖时,
09:42
if you actually have to dig through the body to find these fragments,
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想要翻遍身体各个部位去寻找那些碎片,
09:44
that's actually quite hard to do.
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是非常困难的。
09:48
One of the things that I'm really, really happy
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今天我非常高兴,能够想大家展示
09:50
to be able to show you here today
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这样一个设备,
09:53
is our virtual autopsy table.
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那就是我们的模拟尸检台。
09:55
It's a touch device that we have developed
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我们根据前期的演算法,使用图形处理器
09:57
based on these algorithms, using standard graphics GPUs.
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开发出了这个触控设备。
10:00
It actually looks like this,
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这就是这台仪器,
10:02
just to give you a feeling for what it looks like.
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让大家看看它大致的样子。
10:05
It really just works like a huge iPhone.
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它使用起来就像一个巨型iPhone手机。
10:08
So we've implemented
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你可以在这台仪器上
10:10
all the gestures you can do on the table,
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做任何的动作,
10:13
and you can think of it as an enormous touch interface.
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你可以把它看成一个巨大的触屏。
10:17
So if you were thinking of buying an iPad,
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如果你在考虑买一个iPad平板电脑,
10:19
forget about it. This is what you want instead.
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赶紧打住;这才是你真正想要的。
10:22
Steve, I hope you're listening to this, all right.
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史蒂夫(苹果公司CEO),你可听好啦。
10:26
So it's a very nice little device.
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这才是个非常实用的小仪器。
10:28
So if you have the opportunity, please try it out.
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如果有机会,你一定要试试。
10:30
It's really a hands-on experience.
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这手感可是一流的。
10:33
So it gained some traction, and we're trying to roll this out
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它引起了不小的轰动,我们也在努力推广这个技术,
10:36
and trying to use it for educational purposes,
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努力把它运用在教学当中,
10:38
but also, perhaps in the future,
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但是,也许在将来,
10:40
in a more clinical situation.
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我们会更多地将它运用在临床医学上。
10:43
There's a YouTube video that you can download and look at this,
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你可以从YouTube网上下载这个视频,
10:45
if you want to convey the information to other people
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如果你有意,可以把模拟尸检的信息
10:47
about virtual autopsies.
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介绍给其他人。
10:50
Okay, now that we're talking about touch,
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好的,既然我们谈到了“手感”,
10:52
let me move on to really "touching" data.
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那我就让大家看看一些真正有“手感”的数据。
10:54
And this is a bit of science fiction now,
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目前这还只能算是科学幻想,
10:56
so we're moving into really the future.
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因为我们现在要去到未来。
10:59
This is not really what the medical doctors are using right now,
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现在的医生还没有开始使用这些技术,
11:02
but I hope they will in the future.
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但是我希望他们未来可以用上。
11:04
So what you're seeing on the left is a touch device.
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大家看到屏幕左边的是一个触控装置。
11:07
It's a little mechanical pen
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这是一支机械笔,
11:09
that has very, very fast step motors inside of the pen.
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在这支笔里装有高速步进电机。
11:12
And so I can generate a force feedback.
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我可以用它触发力反馈。
11:14
So when I virtually touch data,
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当我触碰模拟数据时,
11:16
it will generate forces in the pen, so I get a feedback.
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这支笔会发出反作用力,于是我得到了反馈。
11:19
So in this particular situation,
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我们看一下这个案例,
11:21
it's a scan of a living person.
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这是一个活人的扫描数据。
11:23
I have this pen, and I look at the data,
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我拿着这支笔,看着数据,
11:26
and I move the pen towards the head,
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把笔伸进他的头部,
11:28
and all of a sudden I feel resistance.
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突然间,我感到了反作用力,
11:30
So I can feel the skin.
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我能触到皮肤,
11:32
If I push a little bit harder, I'll go through the skin,
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如果再用点力, 就能穿过皮肤,
11:34
and I can feel the bone structure inside.
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感觉到里面的骨骼。
11:37
If I push even harder, I'll go through the bone structure,
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再用点力,就穿过了骨骼,
11:39
especially close to the ear where the bone is very soft.
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从耳部附近插进去,这里的骨头很软。
11:42
And then I can feel the brain inside, and this will be the slushy like this.
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现在我触碰到大脑了,感觉挺粘稠的。
11:45
So this is really nice.
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这技术真是绝了。
11:47
And to take that even further, this is a heart.
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更绝的还在后面,这是一颗心脏。
11:50
And this is also due to these fantastic new scanners,
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这些新型扫描仪真是太棒了,
11:53
that just in 0.3 seconds,
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仅在0.3秒之内
11:55
I can scan the whole heart,
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我就能把这整颗心脏扫描下来,
11:57
and I can do that with time resolution.
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仪器的时间分辨率非常高。
11:59
So just looking at this heart,
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请大家看这颗心脏,
12:01
I can play back a video here.
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我播放一段录像。
12:03
And this is Karljohan, one of my graduate students
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这是克里万,我的一个研究生,
12:05
who's been working on this project.
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他正在研究这个项目。
12:07
And he's sitting there in front of the Haptic device, the force feedback system,
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他正在操作触感仪器,也就是力反馈系统,
12:10
and he's moving his pen towards the heart,
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他正在用笔触碰这颗心脏,
12:13
and the heart is now beating in front of him,
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这颗心正在他面前跳动,
12:15
so he can see how the heart is beating.
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他可以清楚地看到心脏跳动的情况。
12:17
He's taken the pen, and he's moving it towards the heart,
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他拿着笔,靠近心脏,
12:19
and he's putting it on the heart,
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他正在拿笔触碰心脏,
12:21
and then he feels the heartbeats from the real living patient.
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这样,他可以感觉到一个患者活生生的心跳。
12:24
Then he can examine how the heart is moving.
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然后他可以检查心脏的动态。
12:26
He can go inside, push inside of the heart,
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他还可以进入心脏,
12:28
and really feel how the valves are moving.
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感觉里面瓣膜的动态。
12:31
And this, I think, is really the future for heart surgeons.
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我认为这就是心脏外科手术。
12:34
I mean it's probably the wet dream for a heart surgeon
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我是说这能让外科医生做梦都偷笑,
12:37
to be able to go inside of the patient's heart
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因为你可以在动手术之前
12:40
before you actually do surgery,
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先进入患者的心脏,
12:42
and do that with high-quality resolution data.
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进行一次高清画质的模拟手术。
12:44
So this is really neat.
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这真是太美妙了。
12:47
Now we're going even further into science fiction.
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现在我们看到的科幻技术更加超前。
12:50
And we heard a little bit about functional MRI.
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大家应该听说过功能性核磁共振成像技术。
12:53
Now this is really an interesting project.
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这是一个很有意思的项目。
12:56
MRI is using magnetic fields
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核磁共振成像被运用磁场,
12:58
and radio frequencies
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电波频率
13:00
to scan the brain, or any part of the body.
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对大脑或身体其它部位进行扫描。
13:03
So what we're really getting out of this
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我们在用这个技术
13:05
is information of the structure of the brain,
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获取大脑结构的信息,
13:07
but we can also measure the difference
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不仅如此,我们还能测量
13:09
in magnetic properties of blood that's oxygenated
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血液在含氧以及缺氧的状态下,
13:12
and blood that's depleted of oxygen.
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其磁属性的变化差异。
13:15
That means that it's possible
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这意味着我们有可能
13:17
to map out the activity of the brain.
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将大脑活动的情况反映出来。
13:19
So this is something that we've been working on.
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这是我们目前正在研发的项目。
13:21
And you just saw Motts the research engineer, there,
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现在大家看到的是研发工程师马茨
13:24
going into the MRI system,
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他正在通过核磁共振成像系统,
13:26
and he was wearing goggles.
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他戴着眼镜。
13:28
So he could actually see things in the goggles.
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从眼镜里他可以看到图像。
13:30
So I could present things to him while he's in the scanner.
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当他在受扫描的时候,我可以给他展示图像。
13:33
And this is a little bit freaky,
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这有点吓人,
13:35
because what Motts is seeing is actually this.
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因为马茨看到的是这个,
13:37
He's seeing his own brain.
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他自己的大脑。
13:40
So Motts is doing something here,
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马茨正在使用大脑的这个部分。
13:42
and probably he is going like this with his right hand,
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可能他正在用右手做这个动作,
13:44
because the left side is activated
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因为他的左脑的运动皮层
13:46
on the motor cortex.
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正在兴奋。
13:48
And then he can see that at the same time.
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他可以看到同样的图像。
13:50
These visualizations are brand new.
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这些成像技术都是最新的。
13:52
And this is something that we've been researching for a little while.
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我们在这方面的研究已经进行了很长一段时间。
13:55
This is another sequence of Motts' brain.
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这是马茨大脑的另外一次活动。
13:58
And here we asked Motts to calculate backwards from 100.
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我们让马茨从100开始倒数。
14:01
So he's going "100, 97, 94."
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于是他开始“100, 97, 94”
14:03
And then he's going backwards.
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这样倒数。
14:05
And you can see how the little math processor is working up here in his brain
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大家可以看到这个处理数学的指令让他的大脑工作,
14:08
and is lighting up the whole brain.
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让整个大脑都活跃起来了。
14:10
Well this is fantastic. We can do this in real time.
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这绝了。我们能够进行实时操作。
14:12
We can investigate things. We can tell him to do things.
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我们可以进行测试。我们可以给他下指令。
14:14
You can also see that his visual cortex
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大家还可以看到他的视觉皮层
14:16
is activated in the back of the head,
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在他后脑的部位兴奋起来了。
14:18
because that's where he's seeing, he's seeing his own brain.
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这是因为他在看自己的大脑。
14:20
And he's also hearing our instructions
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他同时
14:22
when we tell him to do things.
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也在听我们的指示。
14:24
The signal is really deep inside of the brain as well,
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尽管信号处在大脑的深层部位,
14:26
and it's shining through,
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但是它活跃部位可以显现出来,
14:28
because all of the data is inside this volume.
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这是因为所有的数据都在其中了。
14:30
And in just a second here you will see --
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一会儿大家会看到--
14:32
okay, here. Motts, now move your left foot.
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就是这里。 马茨,现在动一动你的左脚。
14:34
So he's going like this.
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接着他开始动左脚。
14:36
For 20 seconds he's going like that,
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持续了20秒钟。
14:38
and all of a sudden it lights up up here.
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忽然,这个部位活跃了起来。
14:40
So we've got motor cortex activation up there.
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这样我们看到这里的皮层运动区兴奋起来。
14:42
So this is really, really nice,
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这真的非常神奇。
14:44
and I think this is a great tool.
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我认为这是个绝妙的工具。
14:46
And connecting also with the previous talk here,
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结合我之前提到的内容,
14:48
this is something that we could use as a tool
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我们可以利用这样的工具
14:50
to really understand
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去真正了解
14:52
how the neurons are working, how the brain is working,
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神经元和大脑是如何工作的,
14:54
and we can do this with very, very high visual quality
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我们的技术可以做出非常高的画质
14:57
and very fast resolution.
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和极快的分辨率。
15:00
Now we're also having a bit of fun at the center.
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现在我们在中心的工作变得很有意思了。
15:02
So this is a CAT scan -- Computer Aided Tomography.
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这是一台计算机辅助断层扫“猫”仪(CAT)--
15:06
So this is a lion from the local zoo
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这是一头狮子
15:08
outside of Norrkoping in Kolmarden, Elsa.
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来自诺尔雪平当地的一家动物园。
15:11
So she came to the center,
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她被送到中心,
15:13
and they sedated her
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注射了镇定剂,
15:15
and then put her straight into the scanner.
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接着被放进这台扫描仪里。
15:17
And then, of course, I get the whole data set from the lion.
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接着,我得到了这头狮子的全套数据。
15:20
And I can do very nice images like this.
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我能得出画质非常高的图像。
15:22
I can peel off the layer of the lion.
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我可以把这头狮子层层剥开。
15:24
I can look inside of it.
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可以看到她身体内部的情况。
15:26
And we've been experimenting with this.
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我们一直在做这方面的实验。
15:28
And I think this is a great application
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我觉得在将来
15:30
for the future of this technology,
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会是非常有用的技术,
15:32
because there's very little known about the animal anatomy.
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因为我们对动物解剖学知之甚少。
15:35
What's known out there for veterinarians is kind of basic information.
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兽医们所得到的信息不够深入了。
15:38
We can scan all sorts of things,
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我们可以对任何东西,
15:40
all sorts of animals.
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任何动物进行扫描。
15:42
The only problem is to fit it into the machine.
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唯一的缺点是体积问题。
15:45
So here's a bear.
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这是一头熊。
15:47
It was kind of hard to get it in.
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把它弄进这台机器可真不容易。
15:49
And the bear is a cuddly, friendly animal.
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这头熊非常憨态可掬,也很友好。
15:52
And here it is. Here is the nose of the bear.
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大家看,这是熊的鼻子。
15:55
And you might want to cuddle this one,
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你可能很想摸摸它,
15:58
until you change the functions and look at this.
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但是当你改变效果,再看,
16:01
So be aware of the bear.
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就得小心了。
16:03
So with that,
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至此,
16:05
I'd like to thank all the people
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我想要感谢
16:07
who have helped me to generate these images.
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所有帮助我做出这些图像的人们。
16:09
It's a huge effort that goes into doing this,
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这是许多人的辛劳换来的,
16:11
gathering the data and developing the algorithms,
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他们收集数据,进行演算,
16:14
writing all the software.
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编写软件。
16:16
So, some very talented people.
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感谢这些才华洋溢的工作人员。
16:19
My motto is always, I only hire people that are smarter than I am
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我的人生信条是:我只雇用比我精明的人。
16:22
and most of these are smarter than I am.
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以上这些人大多都比我聪明。
16:24
So thank you very much.
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非常感谢大家。
16:26
(Applause)
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(众人鼓掌)
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