Anders Ynnerman: Visualizing the medical data explosion

譯者: SHUMAN WEI 審譯者: Coco Shen

I will start by posing a little bit of a challenge:

首先我先向大家介紹一個亟需解決的難題

the challenge of dealing with data,

如何有效處理

data that we have to deal with

醫療過程中生成的

in medical situations.

海量數據.

It's really a huge challenge for us.

這些數據處理起來十分棘手.

And this is our beast of burden --

這個正是解決此難題的關鍵.

this is a Computer Tomography machine,

一台x光斷層掃描儀

a CT machine.

即CT機.

It's a fantastic device.

這台機器非常先進.

It uses X-rays, X-ray beams,

它使用X線管發出X線束對患者進行掃描,

that are rotating very fast around the human body.

同時這些X線管會圍繞患者高速旋轉.

It takes about 30 seconds to go through the whole machine

CT機完成一次掃描需要大約30秒

and is generating enormous amounts of information

同時採集並輸出掃描所生成的

that comes out of the machine.

大量信息.

So this is a fantastic machine

這台機器真的非常厲害

that we can use

它可以用來

for improving health care,

提高衛生保健的質量.

but as I said, it's also a challenge for us.

但正如之前所說,它也為我們帶來了一個問題.

And the challenge is really found in this picture here.

從這張圖片大家可以看到這個問題.

It's the medical data explosion

它正是我們現在正在面臨的

that we're having right now.

醫療數據爆炸.

We're facing this problem.

我們正在努力解決這個問題.

And let me step back in time.

讓我們先來回顧一下過去.

Let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then.

現在我們回到幾十年前

These machines that came out --

我要說的這些機器

they started coming in the 1970s --

於上世紀70年代開始投入使用

they would scan human bodies,

醫生們用這些機器對患者進行人體掃描.

and they would generate about 100 images

之後會生成大約100張

of the human body.

人體影像.

And I've taken the liberty, just for clarity,

恕我冒昧,為了方便理解,

to translate that to data slices.

我把這圖像轉換成等量的數據切片.

That would correspond to about 50 megabytes of data,

這些圖像大約相當於50MB的數據,

which is small

這個數量很小

when you think about the data we can handle today

如果和現在我們每天打交道的信息量相比

just on normal mobile devices.

只與普通的移動設備相當.

If you translate that to phone books,

如果拿電話簿的信息量做比的話,

it's about one meter of phone books in the pile.

約相當於一米高的電話簿疊加.

Looking at what we're doing today

現在我們來看看今天

with these machines that we have,

對這些機器的使用.

we can, just in a few seconds,

現在,只需數秒

get 24,000 images out of a body,

一位患者的人體掃描可以得到24,000張影像.

and that would correspond to about 20 gigabytes of data,

這相當於 20 GB的數據,

or 800 phone books,

800本電話簿.

and the pile would then be 200 meters of phone books.

壘起來大約有200米.

What's about to happen --

然後呢,會發生甚麼?

and we're seeing this; it's beginning --

我們可以看到,它已經開始了----

a technology trend that's happening right now

一種新的技術趨勢已經出現

is that we're starting to look at time-resolved situations as well.

我們開始考量時間分辨力.

So we're getting the dynamics out of the body as well.

我們也需要得到書面化的診斷結果.

And just assume

現在我們假設

that we will be collecting data during five seconds,

我們收集到了掃描5秒鐘所得數據,

and that would correspond to one terabyte of data --

大約為1 TB.

that's 800,000 books

相當於800,000本電話簿,

and 16 kilometers of phone books.

壘起來約16千米.

That's one patient, one data set.

這還只是掃描一個病患所得數據集.

And this is what we have to deal with.

這也正是我們需要處理的數據量

So this is really the enormous challenge that we have.

所以說這個難題真的十分棘手.

And already today -- this is 25,000 images.

現在正是這個問題. 這裡有25,000張影像.

Imagine the days

想像一下在以前

when we had radiologists doing this.

醫生們是這樣研究病理的.

They would put up 25,000 images,

放到現在,他們要放25,000張圖像上去,

they would go like this, "25,0000, okay, okay.

到時候他們就要像這樣去看,”第25,000張,

There is the problem."

哎,對,問題找到了.”

They can't do that anymore. That's impossible.

現實不允許他們再這樣去找了.

So we have to do something that's a little bit more intelligent than doing this.

所以我們要想一些更聰明的辦法.

So what we do is that we put all these slices together.

我們得把這些切片再整合起來.

Imagine that you slice your body in all these directions,

我們先把自己沿這些各種方向切成數據片,

and then you try to put the slices back together again

然後把這些切片再重新放回到一起,

into a pile of data, into a block of data.

這樣一堆數據就成了一個數據塊

So this is really what we're doing.

這就是我們要做的.

So this gigabyte or terabyte of data, we're putting it into this block.

把這許多GB、TB的數據合成一個數據塊

But of course, the block of data

當然,這個數據塊

just contains the amount of X-ray

只包含了在各個部分

that's been absorbed in each point in the human body.

被人體吸收了的X線束的數據.

So what we need to do is to figure out a way

接下來我們要做的就是想個辦法

of looking at the things we do want to look at

只顯示我們想看到那部分的數據,

and make things transparent that we don't want to look at.

隱去我們不想看到的部份.

So transforming the data set

於是我們要把這個數據集

into something that looks like this.

變成這個樣子.

And this is a challenge.

這個不容易做到.

This is a huge challenge for us to do that.

這個非常不容易做到.

Using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time,

雖然現在電腦運行已越來越快且穩定

it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data,

利用電腦處理上GB 的數據,

terabytes of data

或者說上TB的數據

and extracting the relevant information.

並提取出所需信息依然並不容易.

I want to look at the heart.

有時候要看一下心臟,

I want to look at the blood vessels. I want to look at the liver.

有時候要看一下血管,有時看肝臟,

Maybe even find a tumor,

也許有時候

in some cases.

要找一下看沒有腫瘤.

So this is where this little dear comes into play.

現在該我的小女兒出現了.

This is my daughter.

這就是我女兒.

This is as of 9 a.m. this morning.

這大概是今天上午9點.

She's playing a computer game.

她在玩電腦遊戲.

She's only two years old,

她才只有兩歲,

and she's having a blast.

但是玩得很開心.

So she's really the driving force

這樣的她正是

behind the development of graphics-processing units.

催動圖像處理器進步的原動力.

As long as kids are playing computer games,

只要小孩子還在玩電腦遊戲,

graphics is getting better and better and better.

電腦圖像處理技術就會越來越好.

So please go back home, tell your kids to play more games,

所以請大家回去告誡你們的小孩多玩遊戲吧,

because that's what I need.

我真的很需要這個.

So what's inside of this machine

我要說的是,我處理

is what enables me to do the things that I'm doing

醫療數據要用的東西

with the medical data.

就包含在這機器裡面.

So really what I'm doing is using these fantastic little devices.

我要用到的就是這些能幹的小設備.

And you know, going back

多年前

maybe 10 years in time

大約十年前

when I got the funding

我得到足夠的資金

to buy my first graphics computer --

買了我的第一台繪圖電腦

it was a huge machine.

那台電腦體型非常大

It was cabinets of processors and storage and everything.

像塞滿處理器,存儲器等等等等的格子

I paid about one million dollars for that machine.

這台機器花了我大約一百萬美金.

That machine is, today, about as fast as my iPhone.

現在這機器運行速度大概和我的iPhone一樣.

So every month there are new graphics cards coming out,

每個月都會有不同的新顯示卡面世.

and here is a few of the latest ones from the vendors --

這是銷售商們推出的最新的顯示卡----

NVIDIA, ATI, Intel is out there as well.

NVIDIA, ATI, 還有Intel.

And you know, for a few hundred bucks

只要花個幾百塊

you can get these things and put them into your computer,

就能買到這些裝到電腦裡面去,

and you can do fantastic things with these graphics cards.

然後就可以做很多想做的事情.

So this is really what's enabling us

要解決醫療數據爆炸的問題

to deal with the explosion of data in medicine,

靠的正是這個.

together with some really nifty work

再加上一些其他

in terms of algorithms --

邏輯運算之類的技術活----

compressing data,

比如數據壓縮,

extracting the relevant information that people are doing research on.

以及提取醫生需要研究部分的信息.

So I'm going to show you a few examples of what we can do.

接下來我為大家演示一下我們能做到的部分.

This is a data set that was captured using a CT scanner.

這是使用CT機掃描時建成的一個數據集.

You can see that this is a full data [set].

大家可以看到這是一套完整的數據.

It's a woman. You can see the hair.

這是一位女性. 從頭髮可以分辨出來.

You can see the individual structures of the woman.

大家可以看到這位女性身體各處的生理構造.

You can see that there is [a] scattering of X-rays

她牙齒上一塊散布的X線束,

on the teeth, the metal in the teeth.

那是牙齒上的一塊金屬.

That's where those artifacts are coming from.

也就是人造物所在的地方.

But fully interactively

然後只需

on standard graphics cards on a normal computer,

在裝有普通顯示卡的普通電腦上

I can just put in a clip plane.

進行適當的編程,解析出一個剖面.

And of course all the data is inside,

當然所有的數據都沒在表面,

so I can start rotating, I can look at it from different angles,

通過旋轉可以從不同的角度進行觀察,

and I can see that this woman had a problem.

我可以看到這位女性有一個問題,

She had a bleeding up in the brain,

她的大腦顱腔有一處出血,

and that's been fixed with a little stent,

醫生用一個支架和

a metal clamp that's tightening up the vessel.

一個金屬夾子夾緊血管來控制出血.

And just by changing the functions,

通過改變功能設置,

then I can decide what's going to be transparent

我可以決定讓哪部分隱去

and what's going to be visible.

哪部分顯示出來.

I can look at the skull structure,

我可以只看他的頭骨部分,

and I can see that, okay, this is where they opened up the skull on this woman,

然後可以觀察出,哦,醫生是從這裡打開她的頭蓋骨,

and that's where they went in.

然後是從這個地方著手進行手術.

So these are fantastic images.

這些都是非常有用的圖像.

They're really high resolution,

他們能提供非常有用的信息,

and they're really showing us what we can do

能告訴我們今天用普通顯示卡

with standard graphics cards today.

我們能做些甚麼.

Now we have really made use of this,

現在我們確實已經開始利用起這些顯卡,

and we have tried to squeeze a lot of data

我們希望能利用這些顯卡處理

into the system.

盡量多的數據.

And one of the applications that we've been working on --

我們正在開發的一個應用----

and this has gotten a little bit of traction worldwide --

這個應用已經開始全球推廣----

is the application of virtual autopsies.

虛擬屍檢.

So again, looking at very, very large data sets,

這一次,從這些信息量巨大的數據集中

and you saw those full-body scans that we can do.

大家可以再一次看到全身掃描的使用.

We're just pushing the body through the whole CT scanner,

把屍體完全推進CT掃描儀,

and just in a few seconds we can get a full-body data set.

只要數秒就可以得到一個全身數據集.

So this is from a virtual autopsy.

這是一次虛擬屍檢的資料.

And you can see how I'm gradually peeling off.

大家可以看到一層一層的解構如何完成.

First you saw the body bag that the body came in,

首先是覆著屍體的停屍袋,然後是屍體

then I'm peeling off the skin -- you can see the muscles --

然後剖開皮膚,出現肌肉

and eventually you can see the bone structure of this woman.

最後可以看到這位女性的骨骼結構.

Now at this point, I would also like to emphasize

在這裡,我要強調一下,

that, with the greatest respect

對接下來我要展示的屍檢範例

for the people that I'm now going to show --

我是懷著極高的敬意.

I'm going to show you a few cases of virtual autopsies --

這些都是虛擬屍檢的應用案例

so it's with great respect for the people

我是懷著對死者最高的敬意

that have died under violent circumstances

向大家展示

that I'm showing these pictures to you.

這些暴力死亡的屍檢案例.

In the forensic case --

法醫屍檢裡

and this is something

近四年來

that ... there's been approximately 400 cases so far

單就瑞典我所在的地區來說

just in the part of Sweden that I come from

目前已經有大約400例

that has been undergoing virtual autopsies

法醫屍檢

in the past four years.

採用了虛擬驗屍.

So this will be the typical workflow situation.

虛擬驗屍的流程大概是這樣的.

The police will decide --

首先,大概在晚上

in the evening, when there's a case coming in --

警方到達案發現場

they will decide, okay, is this a case where we need to do an autopsy?

根據現場情況決定是否需要虛擬驗屍.

So in the morning, in between six and seven in the morning,

之後大概在早上6點到7點,

the body is then transported inside of the body bag

警察們把屍體裝進停屍袋

to our center

送到我們研究中心

and is being scanned through one of the CT scanners.

使用CT機進行掃描.

And then the radiologist, together with the pathologist

接著放射性專家以及病理學專家

and sometimes the forensic scientist,

有時候再加上法醫學家

looks at the data that's coming out,

共同研究

and they have a joint session.

從CT機得到的數據.

And then they decide what to do in the real physical autopsy after that.

由他們確定接下來實際屍檢的步驟.

Now looking at a few cases,

現在我們來看一些真實案例.

here's one of the first cases that we had.

這是早期案例中的一個.

You can really see the details of the data set.

我們可以看到非常詳盡的數據,

It's very high-resolution,

它們能提供很大的幫助.

and it's our algorithms that allow us

然後我們利用電腦的邏輯演算

to zoom in on all the details.

可以對所有想看到的細節進一步放大.

And again, it's fully interactive,

這一次,同樣非常智能,

so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time

這個系統中我們可以像實際屍檢一樣

on these systems here.

根據需要對屍體進行旋轉.

Without saying too much about this case,

對這個案例無需做過多的描述.

this is a traffic accident,

這是一起交通意外,

a drunk driver hit a woman.

司機醉酒駕駛,一名女性被撞.

And it's very, very easy to see the damages on the bone structure.

大家可以很清楚看到骨架上所受創傷.

And the cause of death is the broken neck.

死因是頸骨骨折.

And this women also ended up under the car,

被害者當場死亡.

so she's quite badly beaten up

撞擊發生時,

by this injury.

死者受到重創.

Here's another case, a knifing.

這裡是另一個案子.一起持刀行凶案.

And this is also again showing us what we can do.

這一次我們來看看可以發現甚麼.

It's very easy to look at metal artifacts

屍體體內的金屬人造物部分

that we can show inside of the body.

非常明顯.

You can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth --

你還可以看到牙齒裡也有一些人造物,

that's actually the filling of the teeth --

那是補牙的填充物.

but because I've set the functions to show me metal

這裡我設定了只顯示金屬,

and make everything else transparent.

其他被自動屏蔽.

Here's another violent case. This really didn't kill the person.

這是另一起暴力案件.這裡並不是致命傷.

The person was killed by stabs in the heart,

真正死因是心臟被刺.

but they just deposited the knife

後來兇手又把刀

by putting it through one of the eyeballs.

插進了被害人的眼睛.

Here's another case.

再來看另外一個案子.

It's very interesting for us

能直觀看到諸如東西被刀刺破的樣子

to be able to look at things like knife stabbings.

是很有意思的一件事情.

Here you can see that knife went through the heart.

這裡你可以看到心臟被刀刺穿.

It's very easy to see how air has been leaking

可以很清楚看到空氣

from one part to another part,

從一個部位漏往另一個部位.

which is difficult to do in a normal, standard, physical autopsy.

這在常規屍檢中是很難觀察到的.

So it really, really helps

所以說,犯罪研究中,

the criminal investigation

虛擬屍檢可以幫助

to establish the cause of death,

判斷死者真實死因,

and in some cases also directing the investigation in the right direction

以及必要時候幫助建立正確的

to find out who the killer really was.

緝凶方向.

Here's another case that I think is interesting.

接下來也是一個很有意思的案子.

Here you can see a bullet

這裡可以看到有一顆子彈.

that has lodged just next to the spine on this person.

子彈是擦著脊柱飛入的.

And what we've done is that we've turned the bullet into a light source,

接著我們把這顆子彈變成一個發光體,

so that bullet is actually shining,

子彈變成發光體後

and it makes it really easy to find these fragments.

要找子彈碎片就容易多了.

During a physical autopsy,

如果在實際屍檢中,

if you actually have to dig through the body to find these fragments,

要從屍體中搜尋出這些彈片

that's actually quite hard to do.

可謂相當困難.

One of the things that I'm really, really happy

今天還有一樣

to be able to show you here today

我非常想展示給大家的東西,

is our virtual autopsy table.

就是我們的虛擬驗屍檯.

It's a touch device that we have developed

這其實是一套觸屏設備

based on these algorithms, using standard graphics GPUs.

配置有普通顯示卡,加上電腦邏輯演算開發而得.

It actually looks like this,

大家可以看得更清楚一點

just to give you a feeling for what it looks like.

就是這個樣子.

It really just works like a huge iPhone.

用起來就像一個放大版的iPhone.

So we've implemented

在模擬驗屍檯上

all the gestures you can do on the table,

你可以做任何實際驗屍中可能的操作,

and you can think of it as an enormous touch interface.

你可以就把它當作一個大型觸屏.

So if you were thinking of buying an iPad,

所以如果你有想買個iPad,

forget about it. This is what you want instead.

別管iPad了, 這個才是你想要的.

Steve, I hope you're listening to this, all right.

史提夫(蘋果公司現任董事長)，聽到了吧

So it's a very nice little device.

這真的是一個很有意思的玩意

So if you have the opportunity, please try it out.

有機會你們一定要試一下

It's really a hands-on experience.

這個是非親身體驗不能明白的.

So it gained some traction, and we're trying to roll this out

它已經獲得了一定認可,我們正在準備它的首次亮相,

and trying to use it for educational purposes,

希望能把它應用到相關教學中

but also, perhaps in the future,

同時,也希望在將來,

in a more clinical situation.

能將它應用到臨床醫學中去.

There's a YouTube video that you can download and look at this,

如果大家想把虛擬驗屍檯

if you want to convey the information to other people

介紹給其他人知道的話,

about virtual autopsies.

這次演講的影片可以在YouTube下載到.

Okay, now that we're talking about touch,

好了,說到觸得到

let me move on to really "touching" data.

接下來我們來看一些真正觸得到的數據.

And this is a bit of science fiction now,

這個聽起來還有一點科幻,

so we're moving into really the future.

因為我們現在要先進入未來的景象.

This is not really what the medical doctors are using right now,

現在的醫生並沒有真的在使用這種儀器,

but I hope they will in the future.

但是我希望以後能夠.

So what you're seeing on the left is a touch device.

屏幕左側是一個觸控裝置.

It's a little mechanical pen

一隻觸控筆.

that has very, very fast step motors inside of the pen.

筆裡面置有高速步進電動機,

And so I can generate a force feedback.

能通過力反饋信號模擬出”真實”的觸感.

So when I virtually touch data,

用這支筆觸碰這些虛擬數據,

it will generate forces in the pen, so I get a feedback.

會在筆中生成觸力信號從而得到力反饋效果.

So in this particular situation,

這次示範中

it's a scan of a living person.

使用的是一套活人掃描數據.

I have this pen, and I look at the data,

我拿著筆, 掃描數據在我面前.

and I move the pen towards the head,

把筆伸向掃瞄出的頭部影像

and all of a sudden I feel resistance.

我立刻就能感覺到所遇到的阻礙.

So I can feel the skin.

我感覺到了皮膚的阻礙.

If I push a little bit harder, I'll go through the skin,

繼續用力, 穿透皮膚

and I can feel the bone structure inside.

就能感覺到裡面的骨骼構架.

If I push even harder, I'll go through the bone structure,

如果再加點力,就能穿過骨骼,

especially close to the ear where the bone is very soft.

尤其是在耳朵附近軟骨部分做這個實驗的話.

And then I can feel the brain inside, and this will be the slushy like this.

穿過骨骼,能感覺到大腦內部存在,到處黏糊糊的.

So this is really nice.

這玩意真的不錯.

And to take that even further, this is a heart.

接下來進一步我們來看心臟.

And this is also due to these fantastic new scanners,

這又得歸功於那些新一代掃描儀,

that just in 0.3 seconds,

短短0.3秒

I can scan the whole heart,

就掃描完了整個心臟.

and I can do that with time resolution.

時間分辨率極高.

So just looking at this heart,

大家請先看這個心臟,

I can play back a video here.

接下來我為大家放一段視頻.

And this is Karljohan, one of my graduate students

這是卡爾約安,我的一個研究生

who's been working on this project.

他也是這個研究項目中的一員.

And he's sitting there in front of the Haptic device, the force feedback system,

他正坐在這套力反饋系統觸覺設備前面,

and he's moving his pen towards the heart,

用觸控筆研究那顆心臟.

and the heart is now beating in front of him,

這心臟就在他眼前勃勃跳動.

so he can see how the heart is beating.

拿著筆他就能檢查這顆心臟跳動是否正常.

He's taken the pen, and he's moving it towards the heart,

現在他正拿著觸控筆,把它移近心臟,

and he's putting it on the heart,

然後放在心臟表面,

and then he feels the heartbeats from the real living patient.

感受來自那位患者的真實心跳.

Then he can examine how the heart is moving.

這樣他就可以對患者的心臟機能進行檢查.

He can go inside, push inside of the heart,

他還可以把筆伸進心臟裡面

and really feel how the valves are moving.

切切實實的感受心臟瓣膜是如何一張一翕.

And this, I think, is really the future for heart surgeons.

我想這個正是心臟外科醫生所需要的.

I mean it's probably the wet dream for a heart surgeon

有了這項技術,恐怕這些醫生們作夢也會笑醒.

to be able to go inside of the patient's heart

這樣醫生們就能夠

before you actually do surgery,

在實際外科手術前深入觀察患者心臟,

and do that with high-quality resolution data.

並且有高度精確的數據做保證.

So this is really neat.

非常值得期待.

Now we're going even further into science fiction.

現在我們來講一點更科幻的東西.

And we heard a little bit about functional MRI.

大家大概都聽說過功能磁共振成像.

Now this is really an interesting project.

這是一個非常有意思的研究項目.

MRI is using magnetic fields

磁共振成像的原理是利用磁場

and radio frequencies

和射頻脈衝

to scan the brain, or any part of the body.

對大腦或身體其他部位進行掃描.

So what we're really getting out of this

通常我們可以通過磁共振成像

is information of the structure of the brain,

得到大腦結構的信息

but we can also measure the difference

當然利用磁共振也可以測出

in magnetic properties of blood that's oxygenated

含氧血和不含氧血

and blood that's depleted of oxygen.

的不同磁性.

That means that it's possible

這就意味著

to map out the activity of the brain.

我們可以繪製出大腦活躍區域圖.

So this is something that we've been working on.

這正是我們現在在研究的東西.

And you just saw Motts the research engineer, there,

這裡大家可以看到我們的研究工程師默特

going into the MRI system,

戴著護目鏡

and he was wearing goggles.

進入到磁共振成像設備.

So he could actually see things in the goggles.

他可以從護目鏡上獲得外界的信息.

So I could present things to him while he's in the scanner.

所以他在掃描儀裡時我就從外界向他傳遞信息.

And this is a little bit freaky,

這其實有一點詭異,

because what Motts is seeing is actually this.

因為默特看到的其實是這個

He's seeing his own brain.

他自己的大腦.

So Motts is doing something here,

圖像顯示出默特並不是安安靜靜躺著的.

and probably he is going like this with his right hand,

他大概在用右手做這個動作,

because the left side is activated

因為大腦的左半球運動皮層

on the motor cortex.

處於活躍狀態.

And then he can see that at the same time.

他自己也能同步看到這些畫面.

These visualizations are brand new.

這些可視化技術還相當新,

And this is something that we've been researching for a little while.

但我們對其研究已經進行了一段時間.

This is another sequence of Motts' brain.

這是另一次默特大腦的成像.

And here we asked Motts to calculate backwards from 100.

這次成像我們讓默特從100開始倒數.

So he's going "100, 97, 94."

於是他開始倒數 “100, 97, 94”

And then he's going backwards.

一直數一直數.

And you can see how the little math processor is working up here in his brain

大家可以看到大腦在進行這個簡單數學演算

and is lighting up the whole brain.

漸漸的整個大腦都活躍起來.

Well this is fantastic. We can do this in real time.

看起來非常有意思,哪天我們自己也可以試試.

We can investigate things. We can tell him to do things.

我們還可以指示默特做特定動作來做一些研究.

You can also see that his visual cortex

大家可以看到他大腦後側

is activated in the back of the head,

視覺皮層活躍起來了,

because that's where he's seeing, he's seeing his own brain.

因為他自己正在看那裡,看自己的大腦.

And he's also hearing our instructions

同時他又在聽從我們的指令

when we tell him to do things.

進行動作.

The signal is really deep inside of the brain as well,

雖然大腦信號是在大腦深處傳遞,

and it's shining through,

但它可以通過成像凸顯出來.

because all of the data is inside this volume.

因為所有的數據都集中在活躍區域.

And in just a second here you will see --

接下來大家就會觀察到變化----

okay, here. Motts, now move your left foot.

好,就是這裡.默特,動一下你的左腿.

So he's going like this.

好,就是這裡.默特,動一下你的左腿.

For 20 seconds he's going like that,

持續了大約20秒,

and all of a sudden it lights up up here.

於是突然大腦這一部分顏色鮮艷起來.

So we've got motor cortex activation up there.

大腦運動皮層活躍了.

So this is really, really nice,

非常,非常不錯.

and I think this is a great tool.

這真的是一個非常厲害的工具.

And connecting also with the previous talk here,

和前面所作演講結合起來看的話,

this is something that we could use as a tool

利用這個工具

to really understand

我們可以直觀地觀察到

how the neurons are working, how the brain is working,

神經系統是如何工作, 大腦是如何工作,

and we can do this with very, very high visual quality

而且這樣的觀察是高度可視化的,

and very fast resolution.

同時也具有高速分辨力.

Now we're also having a bit of fun at the center.

最近我們中心也做了一些很有意思的研究.

So this is a CAT scan -- Computer Aided Tomography.

這是台CAT掃描儀----計算機輔助斷層攝影.

So this is a lion from the local zoo

這是瑞典諾爾雪平市郊

outside of Norrkoping in Kolmarden, Elsa.

動物園裡的一頭獅子.

So she came to the center,

工作人員把她送到我們中心

and they sedated her

給她打了鎮靜劑

and then put her straight into the scanner.

然後把她放平送進掃描儀.

And then, of course, I get the whole data set from the lion.

接著就得到了這頭獅子的一套完整數據集.

And I can do very nice images like this.

我們可以得到像這樣的清晰圖像,

I can peel off the layer of the lion.

也可以把獅子的表皮剖開

I can look inside of it.

觀察她的內部結構.

And we've been experimenting with this.

我們確實有這樣做過實驗.

And I think this is a great application

我想這也是未來對這種技術

for the future of this technology,

的某種絕好應用.

because there's very little known about the animal anatomy.

因為目前我們對動物解剖依然知之甚少.

What's known out there for veterinarians is kind of basic information.

對獸醫來說這些都是亟需掌握的基本信息.

We can scan all sorts of things,

基本上所有東西都能拿來掃描,

all sorts of animals.

所有動物都可以,

The only problem is to fit it into the machine.

只要能塞進掃描儀.

So here's a bear.

於是一頭熊就出現了.

It was kind of hard to get it in.

把牠塞進掃描儀稍微費了點功夫.

And the bear is a cuddly, friendly animal.

這頭熊倒是非常溫順,討人喜歡.

And here it is. Here is the nose of the bear.

掃描結果出來了.這是熊的鼻子.

And you might want to cuddle this one,

對著這個鼻子也許你還想去摸摸,

until you change the functions and look at this.

調整設置顯示成這樣以後大概就不想了.

So be aware of the bear.

所以對熊還是要小心一點好.

So with that,

結束前,

I'd like to thank all the people

我要感謝

who have helped me to generate these images.

所有幫助我整理這些圖片的人.

It's a huge effort that goes into doing this,

你們花費了很大精力來完成這些,

gathering the data and developing the algorithms,

收集數據,優化算法,

writing all the software.

編寫所有需要的軟體.

So, some very talented people.

你們都極具天賦.

My motto is always, I only hire people that are smarter than I am

我一直堅持:只雇用比我聰明的人,

and most of these are smarter than I am.

這些人就幾乎人人比我聰明.

So thank you very much.

謝謝各位.

(Applause)

（掌聲）