How we can design timeless cities for our collective future | Vishaan Chakrabarti

翻译人员: Danyang Luo 校对人员: Tianji (Homer) Li

Travel with me

跟随我一起

to some of the most beautiful spots in cities around the world:

到世界一些拥有最美景观的城市去：

Rome's Spanish steps;

罗马的西班牙广场；

the historic neighborhoods of Paris and Shanghai;

巴黎和上海的历史性的街区；

the rolling landscape of Central Park;

拥有奇特景观的中央公园；

the tight-knit blocks of Tokyo or Fez;

鳞次栉比的东京或菲斯；

the wildly sloping streets of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro;

里约热内卢贫民窟崎岖不平的街道；

the dizzying step wells of Jaipur;

斋浦尔令人眩晕的阶梯井；

the arched pedestrian bridges of Venice.

威尼斯的拱形人行桥。

Now let's go to some newer cities.

让我们再去到一些新兴城市，

Six downtowns built across six continents in the 20th century.

这是 20 世纪位于六大洲的六个城市，

Why do none of these places have any of the charming characteristics

相比于古老的城市，

为何这些城市都没有了 那些老城的迷人特色？

of our older cities?

Or let's go to six suburbs built on six continents in the 20th century.

亦或者，让我们去到 20 世纪 在六大洲所建设的六个郊区，

Why do none of them have any of the lyrical qualities

为何他们也没有

让我们视为珍宝， 感到与它们紧密相依的情感特质？

that we associate with the places that we cherish the most?

Now, maybe you think I'm just being nostalgic --

或许你认为我只是在怀旧。

why does it matter?

这有什么重要的？

Who cares if there is this creeping sameness besetting our planet?

有谁会在乎我们的地球 正在一点点变得千篇一律？

Well, it matters because most people around the world

其实，这很重要，因为世上的我们

are gravitating to urban areas globally.

正在不断涌入城市。

And how we design those urban areas could well determine

而我们如何设计一座城市

将决定我们是繁荣昌盛，还是消失殆尽。

whether we thrive or not as a species.

So, we already know that people who live in transit-rich areas,

我们已经知道 相比于住在郊区的人们，

live in apartment buildings,

住在中产小区

have a far lower carbon footprint

或是公寓的人们的碳排放量更低。

than their suburban counterparts.

So maybe one lesson from that is if you love nature,

由此可知，如果你热爱自然，

you shouldn't live in it.

你就不该生活在自然之中，

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But I think the dry statistics

但我想这些枯燥乏味的、

of what's known as transit-oriented development

以公共交通为导向开发的数据

only tells part of the story.

只说明了故事的一部分。

Because cities, if they're going to attract people,

如果城市想要吸引更多的人到来，

have to be great.

必须进行优化。

They have to be powerful magnets with distinctive appeal

它们要像一块有特色的强力磁铁

to bring in all those new green urbanites.

才能吸引来新型的环保都市人。

And this is not just an aesthetic issue, mind you.

而这并不仅仅是一个美学问题，

This is an issue of international consequence.

这是一个国际化的问题。

Because today, every day,

因为，今天或者说每一天，

literally hundreds of thousands of people are moving into a city somewhere,

世界各地都有 成千上万的人们向城市迁移，

mainly in the Global South.

尤其是在南半球。

And when you think about that, ask yourself:

当你想到这一点时， 请问问你自己：

Are they condemned to live in the same bland cities

他们是否注定生活在

与我们建在 20 世纪 一样的、平淡无奇的城市？

we built in the 20th century,

or can we offer them something better?

又或者我们可以提供更好的环境？

And to answer that question,

为了解答这一问题，

you have to unpack how we got here in the first place.

你需要知道我们是怎么 走到这一地步的。

First: mass production.

第一点：大量生产。

Just like consumer goods and chain stores,

如同日用品和连锁店，

we mass-produce glass and steel and concrete and asphalt and drywall,

我们生产了大量的玻璃、钢铁 混凝土、沥青和纸面石膏板，

and we deploy them in mind-numbingly similar ways across the planet.

并麻木不仁地用它们铺满我们的星球。

Second: regulation.

第二点：管理规定。

So, take cars, for instance.

用汽车来举例。

Cars travel at very high speeds.

汽车可以高速行驶，

They're susceptible to human error.

也容易受到人为误差的影响，

So when we're asked, as architects, to design a new street,

因此，作为建筑师 我们被要求设计一种全新的道路。

we have to look at drawings like this,

我们会拿到这样的图纸，

that tell us how high a curb needs to be,

告诉我们路沿石需要多高，

that pedestrians need to be over here and vehicles over there,

行人会走这边， 车辆走另一边，

a loading zone here, a drop-off there.

这里需要一个卸货区， 那儿会有一个下客处。

What the car really did in the 20th century

在 20 世纪，汽车真正带来的

is it created this carved-up, segregated landscape.

是这样精雕细琢的、隔离的景观。

Or take the ladder fire truck -- you know, those big ladder trucks

再看看云梯消防车—— 你知道那些用来援救

that are used to rescue people from burning buildings?

困于着火大楼里的人 所用的大云梯车。

Those have such a wide turning radius,

那些消防车的转弯半径很大，

that we have to deploy an enormous amount of pavement, of asphalt,

因此我们必须要设计宽阔的路面

to accommodate them.

才能容纳它们。

Or take the critically important wheelchair.

又或是看看那极为重要的轮椅。

A wheelchair necessitates a landscape of minimal slopes

轮椅需要一个最低限度的斜坡，

and redundant vertical circulation.

还有额外的垂直回转空间，

So wherever there's a stair, there has to be an elevator or a ramp.

所以，在有阶梯的地方 都需要设置一个电梯或是斜坡。

Now, don't get me wrong, please -- I am all for pedestrian safety,

请不要误解我的意思， 我完全赞成行人安全、

firefighting

消防安全，

and certainly, wheelchair access.

当然，还有轮椅的使用。

Both of my parents were in wheelchairs at the end of their lives,

我的父母在晚年时， 都依靠轮椅出行

so I understand very much that struggle.

我明白这有多难。

But we also have to acknowledge that all of these well-intentioned rules,

但我们也必须承认， 这些善意的规则

they had the tremendous unintended consequence

也带来了很多意料之外的结果。

of making illegal the ways in which we used to build cities.

导致我们过去建造城市的 方式变得不再合法。

Similarly illegal: at the end of the 19th century,

在 19 世纪末，也有相似的违法规划。

right after the elevator was invented,

在电梯发明后，

we built these charming urban buildings,

我们设计了这样迷人的城市建筑，

these lovely buildings, all over the world,

这些可爱的建筑遍布全球，

from Italy to India.

从意大利到印度。

And they had maybe 10 or 12 apartments in them.

每栋楼有 10 或 12 间公寓，

They had one small elevator and a staircase that wrapped them

它们共享一个小小的电梯 四周环绕着楼梯

and a light well.

还有个采光天井。

And not only were they charming buildings that were cost-effective,

它们不仅仅是符合成本效益的 令人着迷的建筑

they were communal --

它们也是社区化的，

you ran into your neighbor on that stairwell.

你可以在楼梯间遇到你的邻居。

Well, you can't build this, either.

好吧，但你也不能再这样建造了。

By contrast, today, when we have to build a major new apartment building somewhere,

相比之下，如今， 当我们要在某处修建新的大型公寓楼时，

we have to build lots and lots of elevators

我们会设计很多很多电梯，

and lots of fire stairs,

还有消防通道，

and we have to connect them with these long, anonymous, dreary corridors.

并将它们与这些长长的、 沉暗的走道相连。

Now, developers -- when they're confronted with the cost

现在，当开发商面对

of all of that common infrastructure,

公共基础设施的成本时，

they have to spread that cost over more apartments,

他们不得不将成本 分摊到更多的公寓里。

so they want to build bigger buildings.

所以他们修建了越来越高的大厦，

What that results in is the thud,

结果是沉闷的，

the dull thud of the same apartment building being built

世界上的每个城市里

in every city across the world.

正在修建的公寓都传来一声巨响。

And this is not only creating physical sameness,

这不仅仅是外表上的一致性，

it's creating social sameness,

它也创造了社会的相似性。

because these buildings are more expensive to build,

因为这些大楼的建造成本更高，

and it helped to create an affordability crisis

而它在世界各地的城市 也助长了支付能力危机，

in cities all over the world, including places like Vancouver.

包括温哥华这样的地方。

Now, I said there was a third reason for all this sameness,

我说过，相似性还有第三个原因，

and that's really a psychological one.

这是一个心理层面的问题，

It's a fear of difference,

是对差异的恐惧。

and architects hear this all the time from their clients:

建筑师们经常从他们的 客户那里听到这样的话:

"If I try that new idea, will I be sued?

“如果我采用这个新想法，会被起诉吗？

Will I be mocked?

会被嘲笑吗？

Better safe than sorry."

有备无患，小心为上。”

And all of these things have conspired together

就是这一切

to blanket our planet with a homogeneity that I think is deeply problematic.

以一种我认为很有问题的 同质性在倾覆我们的地球

So how can we do the opposite?

我们该如何与之抗衡？

How can we go back to building cities

我们如何才能

that are physically and culturally varied again?

重新修建外观和文化都不同的建筑？

How can we build cities of difference?

我们如何才能建造有差异化的城市？

I would argue that we should start

首先，我想我们应该

by injecting into the global the local.

在每个地方都融入地方特色。

This is already happening with food, for instance.

这点在食物上早有所体现，

You just look at the way in which craft beer has taken on corporate beer.

你只需要看看精酿啤酒对 商业啤酒的影响就知道了。

Or, how many of you still eat Wonder Bread?

或者，你们还有多少人 仍在吃奇迹面包？

I'd bet most of you don't.

我敢赌你们大都不会吃了，

And I bet you don't because you don't want processed food

因为你们不会想吃流水线上的食物。

in your life.

So if you don't want processed food,

所以，如果你不想吃 流水线上的精加工食物，

why would you want processed cities?

你为什么想要流水线上的城市?

Why would you want these mass-produced, bleached places

为什么想要每天都生活在

where all of us have to live and work every day?

这些成批生产、毫无特色的城市？

(Applause)

（掌声）

So, technology was a big part of the problem in the 20th century.

因此，在 20 世纪，技术很重要。

When we invented the automobile, what happened is,

当我们发明汽车的时候，

the world all bent towards the invention.

其实全世界都聚焦于这项发明，

And we recreated our landscape around it.

我们围绕它重建了我们的景观。

In the 21st century,

在 21 世纪，

technology can be part of the solution --

科技可以成为解决方案的一部分，

if it bends to the needs of the world.

如果让它来满足世界的需要。

So what do I mean by that?

我的意思是什么呢?

Take the autonomous vehicle.

以自动驾驶汽车为例，

I don't think the autonomous vehicle is exciting because it's a driverless car.

我不认为自动驾驶汽车会因为 它是无人驾驶而让人感到兴奋。

对我而言，它只意味着

That, to me, only implies

that there's even more congestion on the roads, frankly.

路上会有更多的交通堵塞。

I think what's exciting about the autonomous vehicle is the promise --

我认为，无人驾驶汽车 最令人兴奋的是它带来的承诺，

and I want to stress the word "promise,"

考虑到最近发生在亚利桑那州的事故，

given the recent accident in Arizona --

我想强调 "承诺" 这个词。

the promise that we could have these small, urban vehicles

它承诺我们可以拥有 这些小型的城市交通工具，

that could safely comingle with pedestrians and bicycles.

可以安全地与行人和自行车同行。

That would enable us to design humane streets again,

这让我们能够重新 设计人性化的街道，

streets without curbs,

没有障碍物的街道，

maybe streets like the wooden walkways on Fire Island.

甚至像火岛上的木栈道那样的街道。

Or maybe we could design streets with the cobblestone of the 21st century,

或者我们在 21 世纪， 还可以用鹅卵石来建造街道，

something that captures kinetic energy, melts snow,

它可以吸收能量，消融积雪，

helps you with your fitness when you walk.

甚至在你行走时帮你强身健体。

Or remember those big ladder fire trucks?

还记得刚才提到的大云梯消防车吗?

What if we could replace them and all the asphalt that comes with them

如果我们能以无人机和机器人

with drones and robots that could rescue people from burning buildings?

来取代消防车和沥青， 把人从火场里就出来呢？

And if you think that's outlandish, you'd be amazed to know

如果你觉得不能接受， 你会惊讶地发现，

已经有很多这样的技术

how much of that technology is already being used today

in rescue activity.

在救援活动中投入了使用。

But now I'd like you to really imagine with me.

现在，我需要大家和我一起想象，

Imagine if we could design the hovercraft wheelchair.

想象一下， 如果我们能设计气垫船轮椅，

Right?

对吧？

这不只是一项促进平等权益的发明，

An invention that would not only allow equal access,

but would enable us to build the Italian hill town of the 21st century.

也使得我们能够建造 21 世纪的意大利山城。

I think you'd be amazed to know

我想你会很惊讶，

that just a few of these inventions, responsive to human need,

只是其中一些能够 满足人类需求的发明

would completely transform the way we could build our cities.

就能彻底改变我们建设城市的方式。

Now, I bet you're also thinking:

现在，我打赌你在想：

"We don't have kinetic cobblestones or flying wheelchairs yet,

“我们还没有动力鹅卵石或会飞的轮椅，

so what can we do about this problem with today's technology?"

那么我们能用现有的技术做些什么， 来解决这个问题呢?”

And my inspiration for that question comes from a very different city,

我解决这个问题的灵感 来自一个非常不同的城市，

the city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

蒙古的乌兰巴托市。

I have clients there

在那儿，有个客户

who have asked us to design a 21st-century open-air village

让我们设计 21 世纪的

that's sustainably heated using today's technology,

可用现有技术持续加热市中心的

in the heart of their downtown.

露天村庄

And that's to cope with their frigid winters.

以应对严酷的寒冬。

And the project is both poetry and prose.

所以，这个项目既是诗歌也是散文。

The poetry is really about evoking the local:

它的诗意在于唤醒当地人：

the mountainous terrain,

多山的地形,

using colors to pick up the spectacular light,

用颜色来突出那耀眼的光线，

understanding how to interpret the nomadic traditions

了解如何诠释使蒙古 这个民族充满活力

that animate the nation of Mongolia.

的游牧传统。

The prose has been the development of a catalogue of buildings,

散文在于一系列的建筑发展，

of small buildings that are fairly affordable,

只是一些相当经济实惠的小建筑，

using local construction materials and technology

使用当地的建筑材料和技术，

that can still provide new forms of housing,

仍然可以提供新的住房形式，

new workspace,

新的工作空间，

new shops

新的商城，

and cultural buildings, like a theater or a museum --

还有文化建筑， 比如剧院或博物馆，

even a haunted house.

甚至是鬼屋。

While working on this in our office,

在我们工作的时候，

we've realized that we're building upon the work of our colleagues,

我们意识到我们是在同事的 工作基础上不断发展。

including architect Tatiana Bilbao, working in Mexico City;

包括在墨西哥城工作的建筑师 塔蒂阿娜 · 毕尔巴鄂（Tatiana Bilbao），

Pritzker laureate Alejandro Aravena, working in Chile;

在智利工作的普利茨克 · 劳瑞德 （Pritzker Laureate）

和亚历杭德罗 · 阿拉维那 （Alejandro Aravena），

and recent Pritzker winner Balkrishna Doshi, working in India.

以及最近普利兹克建筑奖得主，

在印度工作的柏克瑞斯·多西 （Balkrishna Doshi），

And all of them are building spectacular new forms of affordable housing,

他们都在建造壮观的 新型经济适用房，

but they're also building cities of difference,

也建造着有差异化的城市。

because they're building cities that respond to local communities,

因为他们正在建设的是 能够适应当地社区，

local climates

当地气候，

and local construction methods.

以及当地建筑方式的城市。

We're doubling down on that idea, we're researching a new model

我们在这个想法上加倍努力， 我们正在研究一种新模式，

for our growing cities with gentrification pressures,

以应对我们日益增长的 中产阶级压力城市。

that could build upon that late-19th-century model

这可能会建立在 19 世纪 晚期的建筑模型上

with that center core,

but a prototype that could shape-shift in response to local needs

这个原型可以根据当地的需要，

and local building materials.

还有当地的建筑材料而改变形状。

All of these ideas, to me, are nostalgia-free.

对我而言， 所有这些想法都与怀旧无关。

They all tell me

每个人都告诉我，

that we can build cities that can grow,

我们可以建设可发展的城市，

but grow in a way that reflects the diverse residents

但要以反映居民多样性的方式发展，

that live in those cities;

grow in a way that can accommodate all income groups,

以一种可以容纳所有 收入群体的方式发展，

all colors, creeds, genders.

包括了所有的种族，宗教，性别。

We could build such spectacular cities that we could disincentivize sprawl

我们可以建造如此壮观的城市， 抑制城市的对外扩张，

and actually protect nature.

从而保护自然。

We can grow cities that are high-tech,

我们可以发展高科技城市，

but also respond to the timeless cultural needs of the human spirit.

同时也满足人类精神中 永垂不朽的文化需求。

I'm convinced that we can build cities of difference

我相信我们可以建立 有差异化的城市，

that help to create the global mosaic to which so many of us aspire.

来助于创造我们许多人 所向往的全球马赛克。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）