A new way to fund health care for the most vulnerable | Andrew Bastawrous

46,931 views ・ 2018-10-01

TED


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翻译人员: jacks peng 校对人员: Tianji (Homer) Li
00:13
These two Kenyan ladies were best friends
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这两位肯尼亚女士是
00:17
from neighboring villages,
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来自临近村庄的好朋友,
00:19
but they'd stopped seeing each other, literally, for 10 years,
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但实际上,她们已经长达10年没见面了,
00:23
because both had gone blind from a curable condition called cataracts.
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因为她们都因一种叫做白内障 的可治愈疾病而失明。
00:27
They hadn't been aware they'd been sat together for over an hour
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当我们在最近的医院给她们做手术时,
00:30
when we offered them surgery at the nearest hospital.
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她们没觉察到她们坐在一起 超过一个小时了,
00:33
Mama Jane, on the right, told me
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简妈妈,右边那位,告诉我
00:35
her biggest fear was that she would poison her grandson,
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她最大的恐惧是害怕毒到她孙子,
00:39
whom she'd never seen,
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那位她看不见的孙子,
00:40
because she couldn't see what she was cooking for him.
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因为她看不见给他煮的是啥。
00:43
Her arms were covered in burns from cooking on a charcoal stove,
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她的手臂被炭炉煮过的东西烧伤了,
00:47
and she despaired that she was robbing her six-year-old grandson of his childhood
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她绝望地说,她正在剥夺 她六岁孙子的童年,
00:51
because he was effectively her eyes.
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因为他实际上在扮作她的眼睛。
00:55
The effect of her blindness was going through the generations.
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她失明的影响代代相传。
00:59
He wasn't able to go to school or break the cycle of poverty.
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他无法去上学或打破贫穷的循环。
01:03
All of this, despite cost-effective solutions existing.
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所有这些,尽管有效的治疗方法存在。
01:06
Cataract surgery can be done in under 10 minutes
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白内障手术可以在10分钟内完成,
01:09
for just a hundred dollars.
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只需要100美元。
01:11
Four in every five people who are blind don't need to be;
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80%的盲人本可以被治愈;
01:15
curative or preventive treatments already exist.
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治疗或预防治疗早已经存在。
01:19
Fortunately for Mama Jane and her friend,
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幸运的是对简妈妈和她的朋友来说,
01:21
a donor had provided treatment
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捐赠提供了治疗,
01:23
so that we could take them to the nearest hospital
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所以我们可以带她们到三个小时远
01:25
three hours away.
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的最近的医院。
01:27
But in that very same clinic,
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但在同一个诊所,
01:29
I met Theresa,
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我遇到了特丽萨,
01:30
a shy young woman who couldn't look me in the eyes,
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一个不敢用眼睛直视我的年轻害羞女性,
01:34
not because she couldn't see,
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不是因为她不能看见,
01:35
but the appearance of the growth on her eyes called pterygium
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而是因为她眼睛上长出来的翼状胬肉
01:39
meant she'd lost her confidence,
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让她失去自信,
01:40
and with it, her place in her community.
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让她失去在社区的位置。
01:43
She had no prospects for marriage or children
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她结婚或生孩子无望
01:45
and had been completely ostracized.
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并完全被人排斥。
01:48
I knew how to treat her condition; it was pretty straightforward.
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我知道如何治疗她的问题;这非常直接。
01:51
But we had strict instructions that the funds we had
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但是我们有严格的规定,我们的资金
01:54
were for people with cataracts.
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只能用于治疗白内障。
01:56
What was I supposed to do?
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我应该怎么做?
01:58
Ignore her?
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忽视她?
02:01
My wife and I managed to raise the funds to cover her treatment,
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我妻子和我能募集资金来支付她的治疗,
02:04
but situations like Theresa were common every day,
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但像特丽萨的人每天都很常见,
02:07
where people had the wrong diseases.
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在那里人们有错误的疾病。
02:10
And by the "wrong diseases,"
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关于“错误的疾病”,
02:11
I mean conditions for which funding hadn't been earmarked.
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我意思是资金用途中没有指定的疾病。
02:17
Earmarking may seem like smart business or smart philanthropy on paper,
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在纸面上,专款似乎是明智的 商业行为或明智的慈善行为,
02:21
but it doesn't make any sense when you're looking the person in the eye.
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但当你看着这些人的眼睛时, 它一点都不合理。
02:24
Yet, this is how we deliver health care to millions of people the world over.
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然而,这就是我们向全世界数百万人 提供医疗保健的方式。
02:31
I've been thinking about this problem for a very long time.
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我已经思考这个问题很长时间了。
02:35
Things happened to me at the age of 12 that completely transformed my life.
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12岁那年发生的事情完全 改变了我的生活。
02:39
My teachers insisted that I would go for an eye test.
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我教师坚持要我去参加视力检查。
02:43
I resisted it for as many years as I could
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我尽可能地拒绝了好多年,
02:45
because as the only brown boy in the school,
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因为作为学校中唯一一个棕色儿童,
02:47
I already felt like a chocolate chip in rice pudding,
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我已经觉得自己像米饭布丁 里的一块巧克力,
02:50
and the idea of looking more different was not particularly appealing.
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看起来更与众不同的想法 并不特别吸引人。
02:54
You see, I'd associated an eye test with wearing glasses
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你知道,我把验光和戴眼镜联系起来,
02:57
and looking different,
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这看着不同,
02:58
not with seeing differently.
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而非看到不同的东西。
03:00
When eventually I was persuaded to go,
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当最终我被说服去检查了,
03:02
the optometrist fitted me with the trial lenses
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验光师给我配了试镜镜片,
03:05
and was shocked at just how poor my sight was.
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并被我糟糕的视力震惊到了。
03:08
He sent me outside to report what I could see.
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他让我到外面去报告我所看到的。
03:10
I remember looking up and seeing trees had leaves on them.
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我记得向上看到了树有树叶。
03:15
I had never known this.
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我从不知道这个。
03:18
Later that week, for the first time, I saw stars in the night sky.
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那个星期晚些时候, 我第一次在夜空中看到星星。
03:22
It was breathtaking.
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真是激动人心。
03:24
In fact, the entire trajectory of my life changed.
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事实上,我整个人生轨迹都改变了。
03:27
I went from a failing child at school who was constantly told I was lazy
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我从一个在学校经常被视为懒惰, 无法集中注意力的
懒惰儿童,
03:31
and not paying attention
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03:32
to suddenly being a child with opportunity and potential.
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突然变成一个充满机遇和潜力的儿童。
03:36
But I soon realized that this opportunity was not universal.
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但我很快意识到这个机遇不是普遍的。
03:39
That same summer, in Egypt,
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同个夏天,在埃及,
03:41
the home where my parents are originally from,
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我父母的老家,
03:43
I was with children that looked a lot more like me
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我和那些看起来更像 我的孩子们在一起,
03:46
but couldn't have been more different.
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但没有比这更不同的了。
03:48
What separated us was opportunity.
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把我们分开的是机会。
03:51
How is it that I had this life and they had theirs?
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为什么我有这样的生活, 而他们有他们的生活?
03:54
It still makes no sense to me.
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这对我来说仍然很不合理。
03:57
How is it we've --
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怎么会——
03:58
in a world where glasses, that completely changed my life
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这个世界中,完全改变我的生活的眼镜
04:02
have been around for 700 years,
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已经存在700年之久,
04:04
yet two and a half billion people still can't access them.
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然而仍有25亿人没法获得他们。
04:08
This deep sense of injustice drove me to become a doctor,
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这种深深的不公平感驱动我成为了医生,
04:12
eventually an eye surgeon,
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最终成为一名眼科医生,
04:13
and in 2012, my wife and I packed our bags and moved to Kenya
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并在2012年,我妻子和我 打好包袱搬到肯尼亚
04:18
to try and give something back.
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来试图回馈当地。
04:20
We started by setting up a hundred eye clinics
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我们开始沿着大裂谷设立
04:23
across the Great Rift Valley,
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上百家眼科诊所,
04:24
where we met people like Mama Jane and Theresa.
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在那里我们遇到了像简妈妈和 特丽萨这样的人。
04:27
We founded a new organization called Peek Vision,
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我们成立了一个叫皮克眼科的组织,
04:30
a social enterprise where we built smartphone technology
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这个社会企业,通过开发的智能手机技术
04:34
that makes it possible for people in the community
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来让社区人们
04:36
to find people in their homes,
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能够发现他们家中
04:38
the most vulnerable groups who are being missed,
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那些被忽略的脆弱群体,
04:41
and created new tools that made it easier to diagnose them
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并通过开发新的工具让诊断和获取服务
04:43
and connect them to services.
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变得容易。
04:45
Inspired by the challenges I'd had as a child,
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受我儿时经历的启发,
04:48
we equipped teachers, 25 of them, with smartphones
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我们配备了老师,25个人,通过智能手机
04:51
to screen children in schools.
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来在学校中筛查儿童。
04:52
Our first program resulted in 21,000 children
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我们的首个项目在只有9天的时间里
04:55
being screened in just nine days.
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就筛查了21000名儿童。
04:58
That same program was replicated to reach 200,000 children,
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同样的项目被复制到20万名儿童,
05:01
covering the entire district.
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覆盖了整个区。
05:03
Soon we were able to repeat this in six new programs
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很快我们就能够在不同的国家
05:06
in different countries.
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的6个新项目中重复这个过程。
05:08
But now, I was faced with the very same problems I had with Theresa
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但现在,我遇到了跟特丽萨类似的
05:12
of earmarked funds,
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专项基金的难题,
05:13
but now as an organization.
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现在是作为一个组织遇到。
05:16
People wanted to fund specific projects
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人们想要资助特定的项目
05:19
or particular diseases
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或者特定的疾病
05:21
or subsets of the population.
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或者特定子集的人群。
05:24
But it didn't make sense,
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但这点不合理,
05:25
because what we needed to do was build an incredible team
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因为我们要做的是建立 一个了不起的团队,
05:28
who could create the systems that would change the lives
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这个团队创建的系统可以改变
05:31
of millions of people, whatever their needs were.
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数百万人的的生活, 不管他们的需要是什么。
05:34
But it didn't work that way.
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但事情却不是这样运作的。
05:38
Soon, we were able to align ourselves with partners who understood,
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不久,我们能够与理解的伙伴结盟,
05:43
because I understand the challenge.
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因为我理解这个挑战。
05:45
Ultimately, you need to trust where your money's going,
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说到底,你需要信任你的钱的去向,
05:48
and that trust usually manifests through the requirement
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这种信任通常是通过要求
05:51
to create detailed plans -- lots of paperwork.
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制作详细的计划来体现的 ——数不清的文书工作。
05:53
But what happens if the dynamic needs of people
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但如果人们多变的需求不符合
05:56
don't fit with the plan that you created,
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你制定的计划怎么办?
05:58
and your funding is dependent on delivering the plan?
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你的基金仍然要依赖于完成计划?
06:01
You end up with a choice:
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你最终得做出选择:
06:03
Do you serve the plan, the funder,
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你是服务这个计划,你的出资人,
06:05
or do you serve the need?
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还是服务需求?
06:07
This is not a choice we should have to make,
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这个选择不应该是我们要去做的,
06:09
because ultimately, we can only serve one master.
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因为最终,我们只能服务一个主人。
06:14
The measure of our humanity
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衡量我们人性的尺度
06:16
is how we serve the most vulnerable amongst us.
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在于如何服务我们中间最脆弱的人。
06:20
Currently, the system is not working, and too many people are being left behind.
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目前,这个系统不奏效, 很多人被抛在后面。
06:25
We've been fortunate to find incredible supporters and partners,
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我们有幸能够找到 了不起的支持人和伙伴,
06:28
which led to a new program in Botswana,
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并在博茨瓦纳开启了一个新项目,
06:31
in which every single schoolchild is being screened and treated
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这个项目是到2021年每个学生都能被
06:34
by the end of 2021,
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筛查和治疗,
06:37
meaning an entire generation of children
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这意味着整一代的儿童
06:39
will have the opportunity that good vision affords.
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都会获得好视力带来的机遇。
06:42
But this took years of work.
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但这花了好多年的努力。
06:44
It took multiple feasibility studies,
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它进行了多次可行性研究,
06:46
engaging different partners and stakeholders,
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接触不同的伙伴和股东,
06:49
business cases, economic analyses,
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商业场景,经济分析,
06:51
to persuade the government to eventually come on board.
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去说服政府最终同意。
06:54
But they're now leading and funding this in their own national budget.
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但现在他们在自己的国家预算中 领导和资助这个项目。
06:58
But we did not have the resources to do this.
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但我们并没有资源来做这件事情。
07:01
Our visionary funders and partners came alongside us,
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我们富有远见的资助者 和合作伙伴与我们并肩同行,
07:05
and the key ingredients were we were aligned on mission,
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关键在于我们的使命一致,
07:08
on the why we were doing it.
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我们做这些事的动机一致。
07:11
We agreed on the outcome, what had to be done.
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我们对结果,对需要做的事情意见一致。
07:14
But critically, they were flexible and gave us autonomy
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但重要的是,他们很灵活, 给了我们自主权
07:18
to work out how we got there,
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去找到如何达到目标,
07:21
giving us the space to be creative, ambitious and take risk.
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给了我们创造、雄心和冒险的空间。
07:25
What if all health care looked like this?
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如果所有的医疗都如此操作会怎样?
07:28
What would it mean for all the social causes we're trying to solve?
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这对我们要解决的社会问题意味着什么?
07:33
Business knows this.
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商业清楚这点。
07:34
By taking a long-term, ambitious view
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以长远,雄心壮志的眼光看问题
07:37
and giving people the autonomy to be creative
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并且给人们自主的创造力
07:39
to solve our world's biggest challenges,
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来解决我们世界上的最大挑战,
07:41
we've disrupted entire industries.
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我们会颠覆整个行业。
07:43
Look at Amazon, Google.
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看看亚马逊,谷歌。
07:46
Surely, we need the same level of ambition
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显然,我们需要同等的抱负,
07:48
if we're going to serve the most vulnerable in our societies.
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如果我们要为最弱势的群体服务。
07:51
As a planet, we've set a target,
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作为一个地球,我们设定了一个目标,
07:53
the Sustainable Development Goals,
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可持续发展目标,
07:56
yet we're spending less than half the amount on tackling the global goals
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然而,我们在解决全球目标上的支出还没有
08:00
than we are on conflict resolution,
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我们解决冲突支出的一半,
08:02
which mostly arises from the very inequalities we're not serving.
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主要是因为我们没有服务的不平等。
08:07
It's time for change.
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是时候做出改变了。
08:09
It's not just common sense as well -- it makes business sense.
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这不仅是常识,在商业上也是合理的。
08:12
Our work in Botswana showed
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我们在博茨瓦纳的工作显示
08:14
for a modest investment, the economy would gain 1.3 billion dollars
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只需要小的投入,儿童的成人后就能让经济
08:18
over the lifetime of the children.
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增加13亿美元。
08:20
That was 150 times return on investment.
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投资回报率为150倍。
08:23
But part of the problem is that value is generated in the future,
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但部分问题在于 这个价值是未来产生的,
08:27
but we need the money now to deliver it.
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但我们现在就需要金钱去交付它。
08:30
Turns out, this is not a new problem.
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事实表明,这不是个新问题。
08:32
Banks have been solving it for centuries.
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几个世纪来,银行都在解决这个问题。
08:35
Simply put, it's called financing.
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简单地说,这就叫融资。
08:38
If you want to buy a house
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如果你想要买个房子,
08:39
but you can't afford to pay for it up front,
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但你无法预先支付,
08:41
the bank financiers, you see, can realize that future value now.
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银行的金融家,现在就能够 意识到未来的价值。
08:45
In other words, you can live in the house straightaway.
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换句话说,你可以直接住进房子里去。
08:48
But what if you couldn't?
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但如果你不能够呢?
08:49
What if you had to wait until you'd raised all of the money to move into the house,
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如果你得等你把所有钱都凑齐了 才能住进房子,
并且一开始你就得努力赚钱
08:53
and you were kept homeless whilst trying to save the money
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却又无家可归呢?
08:56
to get there in the first place?
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你最终就会陷入不可能的循环, 永远不可能到那,
08:58
You'd end up in an impossible cycle, never able to get there,
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然而这正是我们对我们自己施加的束缚。
09:01
yet that's this very same bind we've put on ourselves.
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09:04
Inspired by the change in Botswana
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灵感来自于博茨瓦纳的变化
09:06
and by the visionary support of our funders and partners,
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以及资助者和合作伙伴的远见支持下,
09:09
we've come together -- two world-leading banks,
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我们走到了一起,两家世界领先的银行,
09:12
for-profit and private, not-for-profit organizations,
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营利性和非营利性组织,
09:15
foundations and philanthropists --
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基金会和慈善家,
09:17
to launch the Vision Catalyst Fund,
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发起了视力促进基金,
09:20
a fund which will have trust built in by design.
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一种设立之初就建立信托的基金。
09:23
It will make funding available now
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现在,它将能够向
09:26
to the organizations that can serve the need of the most vulnerable.
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满足最脆弱群体需求的组织提供资金。
09:30
It will ensure that those organizations can work together in partnership,
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它会确保这些组织可以通力合作,
09:34
rather than competing for limited funds,
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而不是竞争有限的基金,
09:36
serving the priority needs of an entire population,
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服务整个人类的优先需求,
09:39
whatever they are,
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不管它们是什么,
09:40
so that ultimately the individuals affected
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这样最终受影响的个人
09:43
can receive the care that they deserve.
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可以得到应得的照顾。
09:46
And as we've shown,
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正如我们所展示的,
09:47
it doesn't make just a health and social difference,
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这不仅对健康和社会有影响,
09:50
it creates huge economic benefit.
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它创造了巨大的经济效益。
09:53
This benefit in itself will create sustainability
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这个效益本身会保持
09:55
to perpetuate a virtuous, catalytic cycle of improvement and change.
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一个良性的循环, 催化提升和改变的循环。
10:01
Because when we do this,
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因为当我们做这些了,
10:03
the individual needs of people like myself can be met.
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像我自己那样有需要的 人们的需求就可以被满足。
10:07
And this coalition has come together this year
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这个联盟今年走到了一起
10:12
to make a commitment with 53 heads of government,
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让53位政府首脑作出承诺,
10:14
who have now committed to take action
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他们现在承诺采取行动,
10:17
towards achieving access to quality eye care for all.
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为所有人提供高质量的眼部护理。
10:20
We've had incredible commitments
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基金收到了难以置信的
10:22
of 200 million pairs of glasses to the fund
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2亿副眼镜的承诺
10:25
and millions of dollars,
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和数百万美元的资助,
10:27
so that the dynamic and individual needs of people --
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所以个人不同的需求——
10:30
like my own issues that I had as child,
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比如我还是孩子时遇到的问题,
10:33
and like Theresa, who just required simple surgery --
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以及像特丽萨,只需一个简单手术的人——
10:36
can be met.
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可以被满足。
10:38
For Theresa, it meant her place back in society,
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对特丽萨,这意味着她社交的回归,
10:42
now with her own family and children.
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现在已经有了自己的家庭和孩子。
10:45
And for Mama Jane, it wasn't just restoring her sight,
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而对于简妈妈,这不仅 只是恢复她的视力,
10:50
it meant the opportunity to restore hope,
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这意味着恢复希望,
10:53
to restore joy
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恢复欢乐
10:55
and to restore dignity.
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和恢复尊严的机遇。
(音乐)
10:57
(Music)
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11:09
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:10
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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