A printable, flexible, organic solar cell | Hannah Bürckstümmer

翻译人员: Faye Zhou 校对人员: Yan Gao

You may have noticed that I'm wearing two different shoes.

你或许发现了， 我穿着两只不一样的鞋。

It probably looks funny --

这看起来也许挺可笑——

it definitely feels funny --

穿着的感觉的确挺可笑的——

but I wanted to make a point.

我是为了说明一件事情。

Let's say my left shoe corresponds to a sustainable footprint,

假设我左脚的鞋代表可持续的足迹，

meaning we humans consume less natural resources

可持续足迹的意思是 人类消耗的自然资源

than our planet can regenerate,

比地球可再生的要少，

and emit less carbon dioxide than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.

以及我们排放的二氧化碳 比森林和海洋能再吸收的要少。

That's a stable and healthy condition.

那是一个稳定而健康的状态。

Today's situation is more like my other shoe.

而当今的形势更像是 我的另一只鞋。

It's way oversized.

它大太多了。

At the second of August in 2017,

到2017年8月2日，

we had already consumed all resources our planet can regenerate this year.

我们消耗的资源就已经 超过了地球这一年可再生的量。

This is like spending all your money until the 18th of a month

这就好像刚到18号就 花光了这个月所有的钱，

and then needing a credit from the bank for the rest of the time.

然后剩下的日子要向银行借钱生活。

For sure, you can do this for some months in a row,

当然，你可以连续几个月这么过，

但如果不改变行为习惯的话，

but if you don't change your behavior,

sooner or later, you will run into big problems.

迟早你会面临大麻烦。

We all know the devastating effects of this excessive exploitation:

我们都知道过度使用的毁灭性影响：

global warming,

全球变暖、

rising of the sea levels,

海平面上升、

melting of the glaciers and polar ice,

冰川和极地冰融化、

increasingly extreme climate patterns and more.

越来越极端的气候等等。

The enormity of this problem really frustrates me.

这个问题的严重性让我很沮丧。

What frustrates me even more is that there are solutions to this,

让我更沮丧的是， 这问题已经有解决方案了，

but we keep doing things like we always did.

但我们的行为却毫无改变。

Today I want to share with you

今天我想和你们分享，

how a new solar technology can contribute to a sustainable future of buildings.

新型太阳能技术如何帮助 实现建筑物的可持续未来。

Buildings consume about 40 percent of our total energy demand,

因为建筑物消耗我们 能源总需求的约40%，

so tackling this consumption

所以解决建筑物的能耗

would significantly reduce our climate emissions.

会显著减少温室气体排放。

A building designed along sustainable principles

根据可持续原则设计的建筑物

can produce all the power it needs by itself.

可实现电力生产、消耗的自给自足。

To achieve this,

想要达到此目标，

you first have to reduce the consumption as much as possible,

首先需要尽可能减少消耗，

by using well-insulated walls or windows, for instance.

比如使用隔热的墙或窗户。

These technologies are commercially available.

这些技术在市场上可以买到。

Then you need energy for warm water and heating.

在需要能源来提供热水和暖气时，

You can get this in a renewable way from the sun

可以用可再生的方式，

through solar-thermal installations

通过太阳能发热设备从太阳获取，

or from the ground and air, with heat pumps.

或者用热泵从地面和空气获取。

All of these technologies are available.

所有这些技术也是唾手可得。

Then you are left with the need for electricity.

最后要考虑的就是对电的需求。

In principle, there are several ways to get renewable electricity,

原则上，有几种办法来 获取可再生电能，

but how many buildings do you know which have a windmill on the roof

但你知道几个建筑物顶部有风车？

or a water power plant in the garden?

或花园里有水力发电站？

Probably not so many, because usually, it doesn't make sense.

应该没有几个，因为， 通常情况下这不符合常理。

But the sun provides abundant energy to our roofs and facades.

但是太阳为屋顶和外墙面 提供了大量能源。

The potential to harvest this energy at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.

在建筑物表面取用能源 是潜力巨大的。

Let's take Europe as an example.

让我们以欧洲为例。

If you would utilize all areas which have a nice orientation to the sun

如果把朝向阳光的 所有区域都利用起来，

and they're not overly shaded,

并且这些区域没有被 过度遮盖的话，

the power generated by photovoltaics

太阳能光伏产生的能源

would correspond to about 30 percent of our total energy demand.

能提供我们能源总需求的30%。

But today's photovoltaics have some issues.

但当今的太阳能光伏产品并不完善。

They do offer a good cost-performance ratio,

它们的性价比确实不错，

but they aren't really flexible in terms of their design,

但设计不是很灵活，

and this makes aesthetics a challenge.

这使得美观方面是个挑战。

People often imagine pictures like this

人们在想到建筑物的太阳能电池时，

when thinking about solar cells on buildings.

经常想象的是这样的画面。

This may work for solar farms,

这也许在太阳能电厂适用，

but when you think of buildings, of streets, of architecture,

但当你考虑到楼、街道 以及建筑物构架时，

aesthetics does matter.

美观很重要。

This is the reason why we don't see many solar cells on buildings today.

这就是当今安装太阳能电池的 建筑物不多的原因。

They just don't match.

因为根本就不搭。

Our team is working on a totally different solar-cell technology,

我们团队正着手于 完全不同的太阳能电池技术，

which is called organic photovoltaics or OPV.

这种技术叫做 有机太阳能光伏，或OPV。

The term organic describes

“有机”的意思是，

that the material used for light absorption and charge transport

用在光吸收和电荷传输上的材料

are mainly based on the element carbon,

主要基于碳元素，

and not on metals.

而不是金属。

We utilize the mixture of a polymer

我们用不同的重复性单元

which is set up by different repeating units,

合成了聚合物的混合物，

like the pearls in a pearl chain,

就像在珍珠链上的一粒粒珍珠，

and a small molecule which has the shape of a football

以及一种有足球形状的

叫富勒烯的小分子。

and is called fullerene.

These two compounds are mixed and dissolved to become an ink.

混合并溶解这两种成分 使其成为油墨。

And like ink,

就像真的墨水一样，

they can be printed with simple printing techniques like slot-die coating

它可以用简单的印刷技术印出来， 比如在柔性基材上使用

in a continuous roll-to-roll process on flexible substrates.

连续卷对卷式槽模涂布技术。

The resulting thin layer is the active layer,

这样制出的薄层是

absorbing the energy of the sun.

用来吸收太阳能量的活性层。

This active layer is extremely effective.

这个活性层极其高效。

You only need a layer thickness of 0.2 micrometers

只需要0.2毫米厚的这种薄层

to absorb the energy of the sun.

来吸收太阳的能量。

This is 100 times thinner than a human hair.

人类的头发都要比 这个薄层厚100倍。

To give you another example,

举另外一个例子，

take one kilogram of the basic polymer

取一公斤基础聚合物，

and use it to formulate the active ink.

制成活性油墨。

With this amount of ink,

这样做出的油墨量

you can print a solar cell the size of a complete football field.

可以打印出整个足球场 那么大的太阳能电池。

So OPV is extremely material efficient,

因此OPV在原料利用率上 是非常高效的，

which I think is a crucial thing when talking about sustainability.

我觉得这对于可持续发展很关键。

After the printing process,

在印刷工序之后，

you can have a solar module which could look like this ...

就能得到像这样的太阳能模块。

It looks a bit like a plastic foil

它看起来有点像塑料片，

and actually has many of its features.

也确实具备很多塑料片的特征。

It's lightweight ...

它很轻，

it's bendable ...

可以折弯，

and it's semi-transparent.

而且是半透明的。

But it can harvest the energy of the sun outdoors

但它既能吸收室外的太阳能，

and also of this indoor light,

又能吸收室内的光，

as you can see with this small, illuminated LED.

这个被点亮的小LED灯就可以证明。

You can use it in its plastic form

你可以利用它的塑料形式，

and take advantage of its low weight and its bendability.

重量轻以及可弯曲的特点。

The first is important when thinking about buildings in warmer regions.

对于热带地区的建筑物， 重量轻是很重要的。

Here, the roofs are not designed to bear additionally heavy loads.

这些建筑物的屋顶设计 并不能承受特别重的负载。

They aren't designed for snow in winter, for instance,

例如，这里的屋顶设计 不会考虑冬天的积雪，

so heavy silicon solar cells cannot be used for light harvesting,

所以不能用很重的 硅太阳能电池来获取光能，

but these lightweight solar foils are very well suited.

那这些很轻的太阳能片 就非常适用了。

The bendability is important

如果想把太阳能电池与

if you want to combine the solar cell with membrane architecture.

膜结构建筑结合起来， 可弯曲的特点就尤为重要。

Imagine the sails of the Sydney Opera as power plants.

想象一下，悉尼歌剧院的 帆结构变成发电厂。

Alternatively, you can combine the solar foils

或者，可把太阳能膜片与

with conventional construction materials like glass.

玻璃之类的传统建筑材料相结合。

Many glass facade elements contain a foil anyway,

反正许多玻璃外墙材料 已经包含了一层膜，

to create laminated safety glass.

用来制作夹层安全玻璃。

It's not a big deal to add a second foil in the production process,

在生产工序中加入 第二层膜并不难，

but then the facade element contains the solar cell

但这样做出的外墙材料中 包含了太阳能电池，

and can produce electricity.

它就可以发电了。

Besides looking nice,

除了美观之外，

these integrated solar cells come along with two more important benefits.

这些集成太阳能电池 还有两个重要的优点。

Do you remember the solar cell attached to a roof I showed before?

还记得我之前展示的 屋顶的太阳能电池吗？

In this case, we install the roof first,

在该情况下，要先安装屋顶，

然后安装第二层，太阳能电池。

and as a second layer, the solar cell.

This is adding on the installation costs.

这增加了安装成本。

In the case of integrated solar cells,

有了集成太阳能电池，

at the site of construction, only one element is installed,

只需在施工现场安装一次，

建筑物的外壳与太阳能电池

being at the same time the envelope of the building

and the solar cell.

同时安装。

Besides saving on the installation costs,

这样除了能节省安装成本，

this also saves resources,

还能节约资源，

because the two functions are combined into one element.

因为两个功能合并成一个部件了。

Earlier, I've talked about optics.

之前我谈到了光学。

I really like this solar panel --

我很喜欢这个太阳能板——

maybe you have different taste or different design needs ...

你可能会有不同的喜好 或设计需求——

No problem.

没问题。

With the printing process,

有了印刷工艺，

the solar cell can change its shape and design very easily.

很容易改变太阳能电池的 设计和形状。

This will give the flexibility to architects,

这就给建筑师、规划师及业主

to planners and building owners,

提供了灵活性，

to integrate this electricity-producing technology as they wish.

可以按他们的意愿来 集成这种发电技术。

I want to stress that this is not just happening in the labs.

我想强调一下， 这不是只发生在实验室里。

It will take several more years to get to mass adoption,

虽然还要几年才能 大规模采用这种技术，

but we are at the edge of commercialization,

但我们已经接近商业化，

meaning there are several companies out there with production lines.

意味着已经有公司具备生产线。

They are scaling up their capacities,

这些公司在扩大生产能力，

and so are we, with the inks.

我们的油墨也在进步。

(Shoe drops)

（鞋子踢踏声）

This smaller footprint is much more comfortable.

足迹比较小的这个舒服多了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It is the right size, the right scale.

它大小合适，尺度正确。

We have to come back to the right scale when it comes to energy consumption.

能源消耗方面，我们也要 回到正确的尺度。

And making buildings carbon-neutral is an important part here.

让建筑物保持碳中和是重要的一项。

In Europe,

在欧洲，

we have the goal to decarbonize our building stock [by] 2050.

我们的目标是在2050年以前 使所有建筑物脱碳。

I hope organic photovoltaics will be a big part of this.

我希望有机太阳能光伏 将会发挥巨大作用。

Here are a couple of examples.

这有几个例子。

This is the first commercial installation of fully printed organic solar cells.

这是第一个商业安装的 全印刷的有机太阳能电池。

"Commercial" means that the solar cells were printed on industrial equipment.

“商业”是指太阳能电池 由工业设备印刷而成。

The so-called "solar trees" were part of the German pavilion

这个所谓的“太阳能树”是2015年

at the World Expo in Milan in 2015.

米兰世博会上德国馆的一部分。

They provided shading during the day

它们白天可以遮阳，

and electricity for the lighting in the evening.

晚上为灯供电。

You may wonder why this hexagonal shape was chosen for the solar cells.

你也许会好奇，这太阳能电池 为什么会选六角形状。

Easy answer:

答案很简单：

the architects wanted to have a specific shading pattern on the floor

建筑师想在地板上映出 特定的阴影图案，

and asked for it,

要求了这个形状，

and then it was printed as requested.

然后就按着要求印刷了。

Being far from a real product,

离实际量产还很远的时候，

this free-form installation hooked the imagination of the visiting architects

这个自由形式的安装 满足了来访的建筑师的设想，

much more than we expected.

效果远超我们的预期。

This other application is closer to the projects

另一个应用就更接近

and applications we are targeting.

我们的目标项目和应用了。

In an office building in São Paulo, Brazil,

这是巴西圣保罗的一栋办公楼，

semitransparent OPV panels are integrated into the glass facade,

玻璃外墙中嵌有半透明的OPV板，

serving different needs.

来满足多个需求。

First, they provided shading for the meeting rooms behind.

首先，它们给背后的会议室提供遮蔽。

Second, the logo of the company is displayed in an innovative way.

其次，以一个创新的方式 展示了公司的标识。

And of course, electricity is produced,

当然，也能发电，

reducing the energy footprint of the building.

减少了整栋楼的能源消耗。

This is pointing towards a future

这预示着一种未来，

where buildings are no longer energy consumers,

那时建筑物将不再是能源消耗体，

but energy providers.

而是能源供给体。

I want to see solar cells seamlessly integrated

我想看到太阳能电池

into our building shells

无缝嵌入建筑物的外壳，

to be both resource-efficient and a pleasure to look at.

实现既资源高效又美观的应用。

For roofs, silicon solar cells will often continue to be a good solution.

至于屋顶，硅太阳能电池 将仍然是个好的选择。

But to exploit the potential of all facades and other areas,

但还要挖掘所有外墙面 以及其他区域的潜力，

such as semitransparent areas,

例如半透明区域，

curved surfaces and shadings,

弯曲的表面及阴影区域，

I believe organic photovoltaics can offer a significant contribution,

我相信有机太阳能光伏 能带来显著的贡献，

and they can be made in any form architects and planners will want them to.

并且以建筑师和规划师 想要的任何形式呈现。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）