A printable, flexible, organic solar cell | Hannah Bürckstümmer

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 易帆 余

You may have noticed that I'm wearing two different shoes.

各位可能有注意到， 我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。

It probably looks funny --

看起來可能很古怪－－

it definitely feels funny --

感覺起來肯定還更古怪－－

but I wanted to make a point.

但我想要表達一個論點。

Let's say my left shoe corresponds to a sustainable footprint,

假設說我的左腳鞋子 符合碳足跡永續經營，

meaning we humans consume less natural resources

意思就是說，我們人類 消耗的自然資源

than our planet can regenerate,

比地球重新生成的量更少，

and emit less carbon dioxide than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.

且釋放出的二氧化碳也比 我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。

That's a stable and healthy condition.

這是一種穩定且健康的狀況。

Today's situation is more like my other shoe.

現今的情況比較像我的另一隻鞋子。

It's way oversized.

它生產的方式對環境影響相當大。

At the second of August in 2017,

在 2017 年８月２日，

we had already consumed all resources our planet can regenerate this year.

我們就已經把該年地球能重新 生成的所有資源都消耗完了。

This is like spending all your money until the 18th of a month

這就像是在一個月的 18 號 就把你所有的錢花光了，

and then needing a credit from the bank for the rest of the time.

接著剩下的時間就需要 用銀行發的信用卡。

For sure, you can do this for some months in a row,

當然，你可以連續幾個月都這麼做，

but if you don't change your behavior,

但如果你都不改變你的行為，

sooner or later, you will run into big problems.

遲早，你會有大麻煩。

We all know the devastating effects of this excessive exploitation:

我們都知道這種過度使用 所造成的破壞性影響：

global warming,

全球暖化、

rising of the sea levels,

海平面上升、

melting of the glaciers and polar ice,

冰河和極冰溶化、

increasingly extreme climate patterns and more.

氣候越來越極端等等。

The enormity of this problem really frustrates me.

這個問題的巨大程度，讓我很挫折。

What frustrates me even more is that there are solutions to this,

讓我更挫折的是， 這個問題是有解決方案的，

but we keep doing things like we always did.

但我們卻持續做過去一直在做的事。

Today I want to share with you

今天，我想和各位分享

how a new solar technology can contribute to a sustainable future of buildings.

一種新的太陽能技術如何能夠 協助達成建築物的永續未來。

Buildings consume about 40 percent of our total energy demand,

我們的總能源需求中 有 40％ 是被建築物所消耗的，

so tackling this consumption

若能減少這種消耗，

would significantly reduce our climate emissions.

將能讓氣候排放顯著下降。

A building designed along sustainable principles

依據永續原則設計的建築物

can produce all the power it needs by itself.

能夠產生它自己所需要的所有電力。

To achieve this,

要達成這個理想，

you first have to reduce the consumption as much as possible,

先得要盡可能減少消耗，

by using well-insulated walls or windows, for instance.

比如使用隔熱效果 很好的牆壁或窗戶。

These technologies are commercially available.

在商業上已經有在使用這些技術了。

Then you need energy for warm water and heating.

接著，你需要能源 來供應熱水和暖氣。

You can get this in a renewable way from the sun

你可以從太陽取得再生能源，

through solar-thermal installations

包括用太陽熱能的裝置，

or from the ground and air, with heat pumps.

或用熱泵從地面與空氣取得能源。

All of these technologies are available.

這些技術都是可行的。

Then you are left with the need for electricity.

還剩下的，就是對電力的需求。

In principle, there are several ways to get renewable electricity,

原則上，有幾種方式 可以取得再生電力，

but how many buildings do you know which have a windmill on the roof

但你見過幾棟建築物， 在屋頂上有裝設風車？

or a water power plant in the garden?

或在花園裡有裝設水力發電廠？

Probably not so many, because usually, it doesn't make sense.

可能沒有幾棟， 因為通常這並不合理。

But the sun provides abundant energy to our roofs and facades.

但太陽向我們的屋頂和建築物表面 提供了大量的能源。

The potential to harvest this energy at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.

從建築物外牆取用這些 能源的潛力是非常大的。

Let's take Europe as an example.

咱們用歐洲來當例子。

If you would utilize all areas which have a nice orientation to the sun

如果你可以利有所有理想的 日照方向區域，

and they're not overly shaded,

且它們沒有被過度遮蔽，

the power generated by photovoltaics

太陽光電產生的電力，

would correspond to about 30 percent of our total energy demand.

相當於我們總能源需求的 30％。

But today's photovoltaics have some issues.

但現今的太陽光電有一些問題。

They do offer a good cost-performance ratio,

它們有不錯的成本效益比率，

but they aren't really flexible in terms of their design,

但在設計上卻缺乏彈性，

and this makes aesthetics a challenge.

這對美感而言是一項挑戰。

People often imagine pictures like this

對於建築物上的太陽能板，

when thinking about solar cells on buildings.

大家心中的想像通常是這樣的。

This may work for solar farms,

在太陽能農場可能是可行的，

but when you think of buildings, of streets, of architecture,

但如果要用在建築物、街道、大樓，

aesthetics does matter.

美感是很重要的。

This is the reason why we don't see many solar cells on buildings today.

這就是為什麼現今我們不會 在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。

They just don't match.

它們很不搭調。

Our team is working on a totally different solar-cell technology,

我們的團隊正致力於一種 不同的太陽能板技術，

which is called organic photovoltaics or OPV.

它叫做有機太陽光電，簡稱 OPV。

The term organic describes

「有機」這個詞的意思是

that the material used for light absorption and charge transport

用來吸收光以及進行載子傳輸的材料

are mainly based on the element carbon,

是以碳元素為主，

and not on metals.

而不是金屬。

We utilize the mixture of a polymer

我們將聚合物混合，

which is set up by different repeating units,

以不同的重覆單位組成，

like the pearls in a pearl chain,

就像珍珠鏈的珍珠一樣，

and a small molecule which has the shape of a football

還有一個形狀像是足球的小型分子，

and is called fullerene.

它叫做球碳。

These two compounds are mixed and dissolved to become an ink.

這兩種化合物被混合起來， 溶解成為墨水。

And like ink,

就像墨水一樣，

they can be printed with simple printing techniques like slot-die coating

它們可以用簡單的印刷技術印刷，

例如在柔性基材上以連續的 卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。

in a continuous roll-to-roll process on flexible substrates.

The resulting thin layer is the active layer,

由此產生的薄層是活動層，

absorbing the energy of the sun.

吸收太陽的能量。

This active layer is extremely effective.

這個活動層的效率相當高。

You only need a layer thickness of 0.2 micrometers

只需要 0.2 微米的厚度，

to absorb the energy of the sun.

就能吸收太陽的能源。

This is 100 times thinner than a human hair.

這厚度是一根頭髮的百分之一。

To give you another example,

再舉一個例子，

take one kilogram of the basic polymer

拿１公斤的基礎聚合物，

and use it to formulate the active ink.

用它來配製出反應墨水。

With this amount of ink,

這墨水的量，

you can print a solar cell the size of a complete football field.

可以印出一整個 美式足球場大小的太陽能板。

So OPV is extremely material efficient,

所以，OPV 的材料效能非常好，

which I think is a crucial thing when talking about sustainability.

若要談永續，這是個很重要的關鍵。

After the printing process,

在列印流程序之後，

you can have a solar module which could look like this ...

你可以產出一個 像這樣的太陽能組件…

It looks a bit like a plastic foil

它看起來有點像是保鮮膜，

and actually has many of its features.

實際上也有許多保鮮膜的特性。

It's lightweight ...

它很輕…

it's bendable ...

它可以彎曲…

and it's semi-transparent.

且它是半透明的。

But it can harvest the energy of the sun outdoors

但它能取得戶外太陽的能源，

and also of this indoor light,

以及室內光的能源，

as you can see with this small, illuminated LED.

各位看到的這個就是個 小型的發光 LED。

You can use it in its plastic form

你可以用它的塑膠形式，

and take advantage of its low weight and its bendability.

享受它的好處： 很輕的重量和可彎曲性。

The first is important when thinking about buildings in warmer regions.

第一項好處對較溫暖地區的 建築物是很重要的。

Here, the roofs are not designed to bear additionally heavy loads.

在這些地方，屋頂的設計 無法承受額外的重量。

They aren't designed for snow in winter, for instance,

比如，它們不會設計來 承受冬天的降雪。

so heavy silicon solar cells cannot be used for light harvesting,

所以，不能用沉重的 矽太陽能板來取得光線，

but these lightweight solar foils are very well suited.

但這些輕量的太陽能箔片非常適合。

The bendability is important

彎曲性也很重要，

if you want to combine the solar cell with membrane architecture.

因為你可以把太陽能板 和建築膜材做結合。

Imagine the sails of the Sydney Opera as power plants.

想像一下，雪黎歌劇院的 帆形屋頂變成了發電廠。

Alternatively, you can combine the solar foils

或是，你可以把太陽能箔片

with conventional construction materials like glass.

與玻璃等傳統建築材料結合使用。

Many glass facade elements contain a foil anyway,

反正許多玻璃牆的構件都含有箔片，

to create laminated safety glass.

用它來打造夾層式安全玻璃。

It's not a big deal to add a second foil in the production process,

在生產過程中再加上 第二層箔片並不難，

but then the facade element contains the solar cell

但當建築物的外牆構件 包含了太陽能板時，

and can produce electricity.

就能產生電力。

Besides looking nice,

除了很好看以外，

these integrated solar cells come along with two more important benefits.

這些整合式的太陽能板 還有兩項益處。

Do you remember the solar cell attached to a roof I showed before?

還記得剛剛我們看到 加在屋頂上的太陽能板嗎？

In this case, we install the roof first,

在那個例子中，需要先安裝屋頂，

and as a second layer, the solar cell.

太陽能板則是第二層。

This is adding on the installation costs.

因此安裝的成本會增加。

In the case of integrated solar cells,

若改成整合式的太陽能板，

at the site of construction, only one element is installed,

在建地就只要安裝一項構件，

being at the same time the envelope of the building

它既是建築物外牆，

and the solar cell.

也是太陽能板。

Besides saving on the installation costs,

除了能省下安裝成本，

this also saves resources,

也能節省資源，

because the two functions are combined into one element.

因為兩種功能被結合 在一個構件當中。

Earlier, I've talked about optics.

早先，我有談到光學。

I really like this solar panel --

我真的很喜歡這種太陽能板－－

maybe you have different taste or different design needs ...

也許你有不同的品味 或不同的設計需求…

No problem.

不成問題。

With the printing process,

只要有列印程序，

the solar cell can change its shape and design very easily.

太陽能板的形狀就能任意改變， 設計上也非常容易。

This will give the flexibility to architects,

這就能提供更大的彈性給建築師、

to planners and building owners,

規劃師，以及建築物擁有人，

to integrate this electricity-producing technology as they wish.

依照他們的想法 來整合這項發電技術。

I want to stress that this is not just happening in the labs.

我想要強調，這並不只是 在實驗室中測試的技術。

It will take several more years to get to mass adoption,

會需要數年的時間 才能被大規模採用，

but we are at the edge of commercialization,

但我們處在商業化的邊緣，

meaning there are several companies out there with production lines.

意思就是，有幾間公司都有生產線了。

They are scaling up their capacities,

它們正在增加產能，

and so are we, with the inks.

我們則是在墨水上努力。

(Shoe drops)

（鞋子落下）

This smaller footprint is much more comfortable.

足跡比較小的這雙舒服多了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It is the right size, the right scale.

它的尺寸吻合，尺碼正確。

We have to come back to the right scale when it comes to energy consumption.

對於能源消耗，我們得要 回到對的尺碼上。

And making buildings carbon-neutral is an important part here.

讓建築物碳中合也是很重要的。

In Europe,

在歐洲，

we have the goal to decarbonize our building stock [by] 2050.

我們的目標是要在 2050 年 把新建的建築物都脫碳。

I hope organic photovoltaics will be a big part of this.

我希望有機光電會扮演重要的角色。

Here are a couple of examples.

以下是幾個例子。

This is the first commercial installation of fully printed organic solar cells.

這是有機太陽能板 第一次做商業性裝設。

"Commercial" means that the solar cells were printed on industrial equipment.

「商業性」的意思是，太陽能板 能在工業設備上列印出來。

The so-called "solar trees" were part of the German pavilion

這個「太陽能樹」是 2015 年米蘭

世界博覽會中德國展示館的一部分。

at the World Expo in Milan in 2015.

They provided shading during the day

在白天，它能遮陽，

and electricity for the lighting in the evening.

在晚上則提供光照所需要的電力。

You may wonder why this hexagonal shape was chosen for the solar cells.

你們可能會納悶，為什麼 太陽能板要用六角形的？

Easy answer:

答案很簡單：

the architects wanted to have a specific shading pattern on the floor

建築師希望地板上要有 特定的陰影圖案，

and asked for it,

便要求用六角形，

and then it was printed as requested.

於是就照著需求列印出來了。

Being far from a real product,

雖然距離實際量產還有一段路要走，

this free-form installation hooked the imagination of the visiting architects

但它讓參訪的建築師們 著迷且充滿想像的程度，

much more than we expected.

遠超過我們的預期。

This other application is closer to the projects

這是另一個應用， 更接近我們想要做到的

and applications we are targeting.

專案計畫和應用。

In an office building in São Paulo, Brazil,

這是巴西聖保羅的一棟辦公室大樓，

semitransparent OPV panels are integrated into the glass facade,

半透明的 OPV 板 被整合到玻璃帷幕上，

serving different needs.

滿足了不同的需求。

First, they provided shading for the meeting rooms behind.

首先，它們能為玻璃 後方的會議室遮陽。

Second, the logo of the company is displayed in an innovative way.

第二，公司的標誌可以 用創新的方式呈現。

And of course, electricity is produced,

當然，還能產生電力，

reducing the energy footprint of the building.

減少這棟大樓的能源足跡。

This is pointing towards a future

這會引領我們走向新的未來，

where buildings are no longer energy consumers,

建築物不再是能源的消費者，

but energy providers.

而是能源的提供者。

I want to see solar cells seamlessly integrated

我想要看到太陽能板

能被無縫整合到我們的建築外殼上，

into our building shells

to be both resource-efficient and a pleasure to look at.

這麼一來，既有高資源 效益，又賞心悅目。

For roofs, silicon solar cells will often continue to be a good solution.

在屋頂方面，矽太陽能板 將會是個很好的解決方案。

But to exploit the potential of all facades and other areas,

但若要發揮它的潛力， 就要應用在建築外牆及其它領域，

such as semitransparent areas,

比如半透明領域、

curved surfaces and shadings,

曲面，以及陰影遮蔽，

I believe organic photovoltaics can offer a significant contribution,

我相信，有機光電 會提供相當大的貢獻，

and they can be made in any form architects and planners will want them to.

且它的形式能依照建築師 和規劃師的需求來設計。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）