Neil Gershenfeld: The beckoning promise of personal fabrication

翻译人员: Tony Yet 校对人员: Zachary Lin Zhao

This meeting has really been about a digital revolution,

我们这个会谈论的是关于数字革命的事情

but I'd like to argue that it's done; we won.

但是我想说，那场革命已经结束了。我们成为了赢家

We've had a digital revolution but we don't need to keep having it.

我们已经经历了一场数字革命，现已不再继续需要了

And I'd like to look after that,

我希望可以看到更远的未来

to look what comes after the digital revolution.

去关注数字革命之后会发生些什么

So, let me start projecting forward.

好，接下来我就把我的设想告诉大家

These are some projects I'm involved in today at MIT,

我在麻省理工参与了几个项目

looking what comes after computers.

都是希望评估计算机革命之后会发生什么

This first one, Internet Zero, up here -- this is a web server

这里的第一个，“因特网零”，它是一个网络服务器

that has the cost and complexity of an RFID tag --

其成本与复杂度跟一个RFID标签一样

about a dollar -- that can go in every light bulb and doorknob,

只是一美金，也就是说，它可以融入到每一个灯泡乃至门扣上

and this is getting commercialized very quickly.

并且这样的东西的商业化步伐也变得越来越快

And what's interesting about it isn't the cost;

最有趣的不是其成本

it's the way it encodes the Internet.

而是它对互联网的那种编码方式

It uses a kind of a Morse code for the Internet

用的是一种类似于摩尔斯码的东西来为互联网进行编码

so you could send it optically; you can communicate acoustically

你可以通过光学或声学的方式进行传播

through a power line, through RF.

例如通过电线或无线电

It takes the original principle of the Internet,

它利用的是互联网最早期的原理

which is inter-networking computers,

即计算机之间实现相互链接

and now lets devices inter-network.

现在则是使得装置之间相互链接

That we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the Internet

我们可以将这一开启互联网时代的途径

and bring it down to the physical world in this Internet Zero,

应用到“互联网零”这一物理层面上

this internet of devices.

也就是应用在物联网上

So this is the next step from there to here,

这也就是从那里到这里的下一步

and this is getting commercialized today.

今天已经有人在进行商业化的运作

A step after that is a project on fungible computers.

之后就是可替换的计算机

Fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded.

在经济学里，可替换的商品是那些可以延伸与交易的产品

So, half as much grain is half as much useful,

也就是说，半斤的谷物只值半斤的价钱

but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than

但是，半个婴孩或半台电脑则远远不如

a whole baby or a whole computer,

一个完整的婴孩或完整的电脑来得有用

and we've been trying to make computers that work that way.

我们正在努力使得电脑往那个方向发展

So, what you see in the background is a prototype.

你看到后面那个是一个原型来的

This was from a thesis of a student, Bill Butow, now at Intel,

它来自一个叫 Bill Butow的学生，他现在在因特尔

who wondered why, instead of making bigger and bigger chips,

他在想，为什么我们一定要制造越来越大的芯片

you don't make small chips, put them in a viscous medium,

而不是制造小的芯片？然后将其放到黏性的介质里

and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch.

而后使得计算机按磅或按平方英寸生产出来？

And that's what you see here.

这就是作品的展示

On the left was postscript being rendered by a conventional computer;

左边是由传统计算机所生产出来的PostScript

on the right is postscript being rendered from the first prototype

右边那个是由我们的第一台原型机器印刷出来的

we made, but there's no frame buffer, IO processor,

我们只是生产材料——没有帧缓存器和输入输出处理器

any of that stuff -- it's just this material.

那一类的东西都没有

Unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully,

不像这里的点都是很均匀的排布的

this is a raw material.

这是一种原始的材料

If you add twice as much of it, you have twice as much display.

材料数量加倍，显现出来的东西也会加倍

If you shoot a gun through the middle, nothing happens.

假如有颗子弹穿过它的中心，也没有什么事

If you need more resource, you just apply more computer.

假如需要更多的资源，只要添加计算机即可

So, that's the step after this -- of computing as a raw material.

那也是这以后的一步，即原材料的计算

That's still conventional bits, the step after that is --

这些都还是传统的数字，这一步之后——

this is an earlier prototype in the lab;

这是早期的一个原型

this is high-speed video slowed down.

这是高速影片被减慢

Now, integrating chemistry in computation, where the bits are bubbles.

我们还可以将化学与计算结合起来，这时候，比特也可以成为泡沫

This is showing making bits, this is showing --

这是生产比特的过程，这是一个展示

once again, slowed down so you can see it,

大家看看这个慢镜头

bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de-multiplexing.

比特相互作用产生逻辑，而后扩散又汇聚

So, now we can compute that the output arranges material

我们现在可以通过计算来使得输出按照一定的规则来对材料进行排列

as well as information. And, ultimately, these are some slides

也可以对信息进行排列。

from an early project I did, computing where the bits are stored

这是一些介绍我早期一些项目的幻灯片。这里的比特就以量子的方式

quantum-mechanically in the nuclei of atoms, so

存储在原子核里

programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules.

程序使得分子的原子核结构发生改变

All of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further,

所有这些都在实验室里不断的在推进

not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms,

不是比喻，而是真的把比特跟原子结合在一起了

and they lead to the following recognition.

这些研究使我们得到以下的结论：

We all know we've had a digital revolution, but what is that?

我们都经历了一场数字革命。但那究竟是什么呢？

Well, Shannon took us, in the '40s, from here to here:

香浓在20世纪40年代的时候就已经把我们从这里带到了这里

from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance

从一个随着路途增加而信号不断减弱的电话线到今天的互联网

to the Internet. And he proved the first threshold theorem, that shows

他同时也提出和证明了第一个至关重要的理论

if you add information and remove it to a signal,

那个理论是说，假如你不断的增加信息，并且以信号的形式输出

you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device.

那么你可以在一个不完美的装置上进行完美的计算

And that's when we got the Internet.

这也是我们发明互联网的方法

Von Neumann, in the '50s, did the same thing for computing;

冯·诺依曼在50年代的时候，也做了同样的事情

he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state

他说，你可以有一台不可靠的电脑，但是你可以将其状态恢复到完美

to make it perfect. This was the last great analog computer at MIT:

这也是MIT的最后一台大型模拟计算机

a differential analyzer, and the more you ran it,

用的是微分分析器

the worse the answer got.

运行次数越多，其准确度越低

After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium, where the billionth transistor

冯·诺依曼之后，我们有了奔腾，其第十亿个晶体管

is as reliable as the first one.

跟第一个晶体管同样可靠

But all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner.

但我们所有的制造都是在这个左下方那里完成的

A state-of-the-art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal,

一个一流的飞机制造厂，它会通过旋转将金属铸成一定的形状

or you maybe melt some plastic. A 10-billion-dollar chip fab

或者是将塑料融解。一个100亿的芯片作坊

uses a process a village artisan would recognize --

它所用的是乡村工匠也认得的方法——

you spread stuff around and bake it.

就是把材料铺放 在那里，而后加热

All the intelligence is external to the system;

这个系统是不具智能的

the materials don't have information.

材料本身不含信息

Yesterday you heard about molecular biology,

昨天我们听到了分子生物学的故事

which fundamentally computes to build.

从根本来说，那就是通过计算去建造

It's an information processing system.

也是一个信息处理的系统

We've had digital revolutions in communication and computation,

我们在通讯以及计算方面已经完成了一场数字革命

but precisely the same idea, precisely the same math

但是同样的理念，同样的数学

Shannon and Von Neuman did, hasn't yet come out

——香农和冯·诺依曼都曾这么做——

to the physical world. So, inspired by that,

却还没有在现实的物理世界中出现。我受到这一个想法所鼓舞

colleagues in this program -- the Center for Bits and Atoms

我跟比特原子研究中心的同事一道

at MIT -- which is a group of people, like me,

那是一群像我这样的人

who never understood the boundary between physical science

他们永远也不会理会物理科学与计算机科学之间的界限

and computer science. I would even go further and say

我甚至会认为

computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened

计算机科学是最糟糕的一门科学，不管对于计算机还是对于科学来说

to either computers or to science --

都是如此

(Laughter)

（笑声）

-- because the canon -- computer science --

因为计算机科学的那些经典

many of them are great but the canon of computer science

基本上都是围绕1950年代那时候的技术展开的

prematurely froze a model of computation

一直没有改变

based on technology that was available in 1950,

——当然，有少量的经典是好的。

and nature's a much more powerful computer than that.

但我们不得不承认，自然是力量更大的计算机

So, you'll hear, tomorrow, from Saul Griffith. He was one of the

你明天就可以听到来自索尔·格里菲斯的演讲。

first students to emerge from this program.

他是最初从这一项目中充分展现了自己才华的学生

We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate.

我们于是就想，如何才能实现通过计算来制造呢？

This was just a proof of principle he did of tiles

这是他制作的一个东西，旨在证明他的想法是可行的

that interact magnetically, where you write a code,

用的是一些方块，相互间有磁力，你可以写一段代码

much like protein folding, that specifies their structure.

跟蛋白质折叠类似，这样可以准确的定义出其结构

So, there's no feedback to a tool metrology;

没有计量数字

the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways

材料自身会完成结构的构建

that protein are fabricated. So, you can, for example, do that.

跟蛋白质构建一样，也就是说，你也可以做出这样的东西

You can do other things. That's in 2D. It works in 3D.

你还可以做其他事情。这是2D的展示。在3D那里也同样可行。

The video on the upper right -- I won't show for time --

右上方的那个视频，这里就不播放了

shows self-replication, templating so something can make something

展现的是自我复制以及模板之构建

that can make something, and we're doing that now over, maybe,

一直下去，我们现在已经做到了实现九个数量级的折叠

nine orders of magnitude. Those ideas have been used to show

我们用这一实验来展示

the best fidelity and direct rate DNA to make an organism,

通过DNA复制产生有机体的可靠性

in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails

它们也能通过肽键激活纳米束

that code for their assembly -- so, much like the magnets,

都是通过编程完成的

but now on nanometer scales.

就如磁铁一样，不过这是在纳米级上

Laser micro-machining: essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate

还有是激光微对准机器，事实上就是 可以实现数字制造的3D印刷机

functional systems, all the way up to building buildings,

甚至可以做出房子来

not by having blueprints,

不是从图纸开始

but having the parts code for the structure of the building.

而是让部件自身去完成房子的编码与构建

So, these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies

这些就是我们实验室里的一些新兴科技的展示

to digitize fabrication. Computers that don't control tools

都是走向数字制造，计算机不再是工具的控制

but computers that are tools, where the output of a program

而是成为了工具本身，程序的输出不单可以

rearranges atoms as well as bits.

调整原子，也可以调整比特的结构

Now, to do that -- with your tax dollars, thank you --

我们是用纳税人的钱来做这个事情的，这里也谢谢大家——

I bought all these machines. We made a modest proposal

我买下了所有这些机器。我们向国家科学基金会提出了一个

to the NSF. We wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale,

简明的申请，我们希望可以制造出任意尺寸的任意东西

all in one place, because you can't segregate digital fabrication

因为你不能将数字制造局限于

by a discipline or a length scale.

某一领域或某个尺寸

So we put together focused nano beam writers

于是，我们买来了聚焦纳米束切割机

and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro-machining systems.

超声波水压切割机以及微对准系统

But I had a problem. Once I had all these machines,

但问题来了。当我们把这些机器都买来之后，

I was spending too much time teaching students to use them.

我花去了太多的时间来教学生怎么用这些机器

So I started teaching a class, modestly called,

后来我开了一门课

"How To Make Almost Anything." And that wasn't meant to be provocative;

叫““如何制造几乎任何东西”。我们不是希望特意的作秀

it was just for a few research students.

一开始仅仅是给几个研究生开的

But the first day of class looked like this.

但课程的第一天是这个样子的

You know, hundreds of people came in begging,

几百个学生都缠着我们说，我这些年就是在等待这一课啊

all my life I've been waiting for this class; I'll do anything to do it.

我可以为这堂课付出任何东西

Then they'd ask, can you teach it at MIT? It seems too useful?

后来教务处问我，你要不就在全校开这课？似乎对学生蛮有帮助的

And then the next --

另外一个

(Laughter)

（笑声）

-- surprising thing was they weren't there to do research.

让人感到吃惊的事情是，这些学生都不是要搞研究的

They were there because they wanted to make stuff.

他们选这门课是希望学会做东西

They had no conventional technical background.

他们基本没有传统的技术背景

At the end of a semester they integrated their skills.

到了学期结束的时候，他们可以融合自身的一些技能

I'll show an old video. Kelly was a sculptor, and this is what she did

现在大家可以看一个视频。Kelly是一个雕塑师，这是她做的

with her semester project.

学期作品

(Video): Kelly: Hi, I'm Kelly and this is my scream buddy.

大家好，我叫Kelly，这是我制作的尖叫宝贝

Do you ever find yourself in a situation

你是否曾有过这样的经历

where you really have to scream, but you can't because you're at work,

你很想大叫，但是周边环境不允许，也许你在工作

or you're in a classroom, or you're watching your children,

或者你在学校，或者你在看孩子

or you're in any number of situations where it's just not permitted?

或者是在其他一些不能大叫的地方

Well, scream buddy is a portable space for screaming.

好，我要介绍的这个尖叫宝贝就是一个便携的尖叫装置

When a user screams into scream buddy, their scream is silenced.

用户在宝贝里尖叫的时候，他们的尖叫会被消声

It is also recorded for later release where, when and how

同时也会被录制下来，你可以选择任意的时间地点和方式

the user chooses.

去释放这些尖叫声

(Scream)

（尖叫）

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑声）（掌声）

So, Einstein would like this.

爱因斯坦也会爱上这玩意的

This student made a web browser for parrots --

学生们还为鹦鹉制作了一个浏览器

lets parrots surf the Net and talk to other parrots.

使得鹦鹉可以上网，并且与其他鹦鹉进行交流

This student's made an alarm clock you wrestle

这是一个学生制作的闹钟，你必须要跟它玩摔跤

to prove you're awake; this is one that defends --

才能证明你睡醒了

a dress that defends your personal space.

这是一条可以保护你的私人空间的裙子

This isn't technology for communication;

这不是旨在促进交流的科技

it's technology to prevent it.

而是相反

This is a device that lets you see your music.

这是一种帮助你看到自己谱写的音乐的装置

This is a student who made a machine that makes machines,

这个学生制造出了一台可以制造机器的机器

and he made it by making Lego bricks that do the computing.

他是通过对Lego积木进行编程来完成的

Just year after year -- and I finally realized

这门课开了好几年，我最后意识到

the students were showing the killer app of personal fabrication

学生们展示的是他们制作的最厉害的个性化创作的东西

is products for a market of one person.

这些产品的市场就是他们自己

You don't need this for what you can get in Wal-Mart;

假如这些东西在沃尔马可以买到，你就不需要自行生产了

you need this for what makes you unique.

但因为你自身需要，所以你就创造出来了

Ken Olsen famously said, nobody needs a computer in the home.

Ken Olsen曾说过，没有人会把电脑放到家里的

But you don't use it for inventory and payroll;

但很显然，没有人会用家里的电脑来进行发明或记账

DEC is now twice bankrupt. You don't need personal fabrication

你不需要在家里搞个工厂生产电脑

in the home to buy what you can buy because you can buy it.

因为在市场上很容易可以买到

You need it for what makes you unique, just like personalization.

你拥有它，是因为你渴求一种独特的东西，不单单是个性化

So, with that, in turn, 20 million dollars today does this;

今天有两千万美金是用于这方面的

20 years from now we'll make Star Trek replicators that make anything.

20年后，我们可以制造出星际旅行的仿制品，使得我们可以制造任意想要的东西

The students hijacked all the machines I bought to do personal fabrication.

我的学生则直接“盗用”了我买来的机器来搞个人制造

Today, when you spend that much of your money,

今天，假如你要花那么多钱的话

there's a government requirement to do outreach, which often means

因为那是政府的钱，并且他们要求我们进行项目推广

classes at a local school, a website -- stuff that's just not that exciting.

换言之，把课程开到地方学校去，做出一个网站，等等。但那些都不是很爽

So, I made a deal with my NSF program managers that

于是我就跟国家自然基金会的项目经理达成一致

instead of talking about it, I'd give people the tools.

我说，我们不会直接说这个项目如何如何，但我们承诺把工具开放出去

This wasn't meant to be provocative or important,

那不是什么带煽动性质的言辞

but we put together these Fab Labs. It's about 20,000 dollars in equipment

但我们还是把这些FabLab建了起来。在设备方面投入了2万美金

that approximate both what the 20 million dollars does and where it's going.

整个项目的2千万美金的使用也是类似的办法

A laser cutter to do press-fit assembly with 3D from 2D,

有一台激光切割机，可以将2D的东西成型为3D的东西

a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics,

符号切割机，

a micron scale,

还有一个微测量器

numerically-controlled milling machine for precise structures,

一个数字监控的制表机

programming tools for less than a dollar,

还有一些价格低于一美元的编程工具

100-nanosecond microcontrollers. It lets you work from microns

100纳米秒的微控制器，从微米到更大的计量单位都可以

and microseconds on up, and they exploded around the world.

这些正在全世界迅速埋蔓延

This wasn't scheduled, but they went from inner-city Boston

这样的项目是没有预先安排好的，但它依然从波士顿

to Pobal in India, to Secondi-Takoradi on Ghana's coast

到印度 Pobal 到加纳海滩上的 Secondi-Takoradi

to Soshanguve in a township in South Africa,

到南非小镇 Soshanguve

to the far north of Norway, uncovering, or helping uncover,

到挪威北部，都在重新唤起我们对

for all the attention to the digital divide,

数字鸿沟的关注

we would find unused computers in all these places.

在所有这些地方，我们都能找到弃置的电脑

A farmer in a rural village -- a kid needs to measure and modify

在乡村里的农民，他的孩子渴望测量和改变世界

the world, not just get information about it on a screen.

而仅仅是从屏幕上获得信息

That there's really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide

事实上是制造与工具的鸿沟

bigger than the digital divide.

它比数字鸿沟更大

And the way you close it is not IT for the masses but IT development for the masses.

解决办法并非IT下乡，而是IT发展的技术下乡

So, in place after place

我们在一个又一个地方

we saw this same progression: that we'd open one of these Fab Labs,

看到了同样的进程——我们在一些事前根本没有想到的地方

where we didn't -- this is too crazy to think of.

兴建了一些Fab Lab——现在想起来还会觉得很疯狂

We didn't think this up, that we would get pulled to these places;

我们是被当地人的热情所打动而过去的

we'd open it. The first step was just empowerment.

因为随着Fab Lab之兴建，随之而来的是一种赋权

You can see it in their face, just this joy of, I can do it.

你可以从他们的脸上看到那种喜悦

This is a girl in inner-city Boston who had just done a high-tech

这是在波士顿城区一个女孩

on-demand craft sale in the inner city community center.

她完成了一个按需定制的绣花设计

It goes on from there to serious hands-on technical education

从那样简单的产品到一些需要动手的技术教育

informally, out of schools. In Ghana we had set up one of these labs.

这些都在Fab Lab发生。我们在加纳开了一个实验室

We designed a network sensor, and kids would show up

我们设计了一个网络传感器，孩子会来到实验室

and refuse to leave the lab.

并且不愿离开

There was a girl who insisted we stay late at night --

有个女孩还坚持让我们留到深夜

(Video): Kids: I love the Fab Lab.

我喜欢Fab Lab

-- her first night in the lab because she was going to make the sensor.

那是她第一次来 Fab Lab，她要做一个感应器

So she insisted on fabbing the board, learning how to stuff it,

就趴在工作台上，学习怎么做

learning how to program it. She didn't really know

怎么编程，因为在此之前

what she was doing or why she was doing it, but she knew

她根本就不知道自己在做什么或为何要做这些

she just had to do it. There was something electric about it.

但她内心告诉她这就是她该做的，似乎是有一种神力

This is late at, you know, 11 o'clock at night

那时候已经是到了晚上11点了

and I think I was the only person surprised when what she built

我想我是唯一看到她的作品而且感到惊讶的 人

worked the first time.

并且她的作品真的可以用

And I've shown this to engineers at big companies, and they say

我把这个给大公司的工程师看

they can't do this. Any one thing she's doing, they can do better,

他们说做不来。事实是，女孩做的任何一样东西，他们都可以做得更好

but it's distributed over many people and many sites

但是他们是需要很多人来做，分布在很多不同的地区

and they can't do in an afternoon

也不能以一下午之内做出来

what this little girl in rural Ghana is doing.

像这个女孩那样

(Video): Girl: My name is Valentina Kofi; I am eight years old.

我名字叫瓦伦娣娜·科菲，今年8岁

I made a stacking board.

我做了一个平面板

And, again, that was just for the joy of it.

也纯粹是为了娱乐

Then these labs started doing serious problem solving --

后来这些实验室还做一些实际的解决问题的实践

instrumentation for agriculture in India,

如为印度的农业生产设计工具

steam turbines for energy conversion in Ghana,

为加纳的能源转换项目设计汽轮机

high-gain antennas in thin client computers.

为瘦客户机设计高接收效率的天线

And then, in turn, businesses started to grow,

随后，由此产生的商业也获得成长

like making these antennas.

比如这样的制造天线的商业

And finally, the lab started doing invention.

最后，实验室也开始搞发明

We're learning more from them than we're giving them.

我们从他们那里学到的比我们给予他们的还要多

I was showing my kids in a Fab Lab how to use it.

我把自己的孩子带到这样的Fab Lab，让他看那东西是怎么做的

They invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box --

他们发明了一种方式，可以应用纸盒来制作工具包

which, as you see up there, that's becoming a business --

你在屏幕上看到，现在已经发展成一个企业了

but their design was better than Saul's design at MIT,

他们的设计比索尔在MIT设计的还要好

so there's now three students at MIT doing their theses on

现在MIT有三个学生在做研究

scaling the work of eight-year-old children

尝试将这些8岁的孩子的作品进行规模化生产

because they had better designs.

因为孩子的设计更加美丽

Real invention is happening in these labs.

这里出现的各种发明也在改变这些Fab Labs

And I still kept -- so, in the last year I've been spending time with

去年，我跟一些国家、政府以及部落的首领在谈

heads of state and generals and tribal chiefs who all want this,

他们都想做这个

and I keep saying, but this isn't the real thing.

我一直强调说，现在我们还看不到最成熟的东西

Wait, like, 20 years and then we'll be done.

再过20年，我们将会看到这些东西带来了深刻变化

And I finally got what's been going on. This is Kernigan and Ritchie

后来我也搞清楚了到底会发生什么。

inventing UNIX on a PDP.

Kernigan 和 Ritchie 在一台PDP机器上发明了UNIX操作系统

PDPs came between mainframes and minicomputers.

PDP是介乎大型机与微型机之间的一种机器

They were tens of thousands of dollars, hard to use,

那时候造价相当高昂，并且难以使用

but they brought computing down to work groups,

但是它把计算机带到了实验室

and everything we do today happened there.

我们今天所拥有的一切皆来源于那里

These Fab Labs are the cost and complexity of a PDP.

现在这些Fab Lab的成本与复杂程度跟当年的PDP很像

The projection of digital fabrication

而数字制造本身

isn't a projection for the future; we are now in the PDP era.

并非就是未来。我们现在是在PDP的年代

We talked in hushed tones about the great discoveries then.

我们曾私下谈到了 那个时代的伟大发明

It was very chaotic, it wasn't, sort of, clear what was going on.

那时候非常混乱，人们也不知道会发生些什么

In the same sense we are now, today, in the minicomputer era

我们今天也是这样，我们活在数字制造的

of digital fabrication.

微型机年代

The only problem with that is it breaks everybody's boundaries.

这带来的唯一问题是它打破了人与人之间的壁垒

In DC, I go to every agency that wants to talk, you know;

我在华盛顿拜访了所有乐意商谈的机构

in the Bay Area, I go to every organization you can think of --

在旧金山湾区，我去到了任何一个你能想象到的组织

they all want to talk about it, but it breaks

他们都想谈论这东西，但是这样一来会

their organizational boundaries. In fact, it's illegal for them,

打破他们的组织边界。甚至从法律上来说是不允许的

in many cases, to equip ordinary people to create

法律并不允许个人拥有制造东西的权力

rather than consume technology.

个人只能是消费者

And that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention

这个问题是如此严重

coming from this community surprised me:

以至于来自这一社区的最重要的发明给我带来了巨大的惊讶

it's the social engineering. That the lab in far north of Norway --

这一发明就是社会重构。在挪威北部的这个实验室

this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground

那里离北极是如此近以至于天空上的卫星

rather than the sky because that's where the satellites are --

看上去似乎就在地平线上

the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in.

实验室走出了一开始创建时候的小房子

It was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains

一开始他们是希望可以在山上找到动物

but it outgrew it, so they built this extraordinary village for the lab.

但是实验室发展相当迅速，他们最后是决定要建一条村子，专门为这一实验室服务

This isn't a university; it's not a company. It's essentially

这不是一所大学，也不是一家公司

a village for invention; it's a village for the outliers in society,

它本质上就是一个发明家的村庄，里面住的都是些很优秀的人

and those have been growing up around these Fab Labs

这样的事情也发生在

all around the world.

世界各地的Fab Lab那里

So this program has split into an NGO foundation,

我们现在成立了一个NGO来做这个事情

a Fab Foundation to support the scaling, a micro VC fund.

支持人们把项目做大，还有一个风投基金

The person who runs it nicely describes it as

我们认为那些经营Fab Lab的人值得拿这个钱

"machines that make machines need businesses that make businesses:"

正如那些实验室里的机器需要不断的商业支持一样

it's a cross between micro-finance and VC to do fan-out,

它是一种风投加微贷款的混合

and then the research partnerships back at MIT for what's

以此推广Fab Lab，最后让他们反哺MIT的研究

making it possible.

催生出更多可能

So I'd like to leave you with two thoughts.

我希望总结两点

There's been a sea change in aid, from top-down mega-projects

我们看到了在经济援助这一领域发生了巨大的变化，从自上而下的巨型项目

to bottom-up, grassroots, micro-finance investing in the roots,

转变为自下而上的更为草根的，基于小额信贷的项目

so that everybody's got that that's what works.

这样更能确保每个人都能得到满足他们真正需要的东西

But we still look at technology as top-down mega-projects.

但我们在科技领域还是坚守了自上而下的原则

Computing, communication, energy for the rest of the planet

计算、通信以及能源依然是掌握在少数公司里的

are these top-down mega-projects.

大型项目

If this room full of heroes is just clever enough,

假如这个房间里的脑袋足够聪明

you can solve the problems.

你们也能解决这些问题

The message coming from the Fab Labs is that

来自Fab Lab的信息是

the other five billion people on the planet

世界其他5亿人并不是科技的消费者

aren't just technical sinks; they're sources.

他们也是生产者

The real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world

最大的机遇就在于捕捉世界的创造发明的能力

to locally design and produce solutions to local problems.

让各地的人都能设计和生产出能够满足他们本地需要的产品

I thought that's the projection 20 years hence into the future,

我曾认为那是20年以后会发生的事情

but it's where we are today.

但我们今天已经看到了它的身影

It breaks every organizational boundary we can think of.

这样的发展打破了我们所能想象的各种组织边界

The hardest thing at this point is the social engineering

现阶段最困难的是关于社会思维的革新

and the organizational engineering, but it's here today.

以及组织的革新，但它正在发生

And, finally, any talk like this on the future of computing

最后，凡是关于计算技术之未来发展的演讲

is required to show Moore's law, but my favorite version --

最后肯定会提到摩尔法则，这是我最喜欢的版本

this is Gordon Moore's original one from his original paper --

这是戈登·摩尔最开始的时候的图画

and what's happened is, year after year after year,

我们看到，年复一年

we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled

我们不断在增长、增长、增长

and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled,

增长、增长

and we've scaled and we've scaled,

增长、增长

and there's this looming bug of what's going to happen

但最后会遇到一个巨大的臭虫

at the end of Moore's law; this ultimate bug is coming.

我们即将看到这个臭虫了

But we're coming to appreciate, is the transition from 2D to 3D,

但我们另一方面也即将迎来从2D到3D的革新

from programming bits to programming atoms,

从比特之编程到原子之编程

turns the ends of Moore's law scaling from the ultimate bug

将这个最终的臭虫变成了

to the ultimate feature.

最终的功能

So, we're just at the edge of this digital revolution in fabrication,

我们正在这一数字制作革命的边上

where the output of computation programs the physical world.

由程序计算出来的就是实物本身

So, together, these two projects answer questions

所以这两个项目加在一起回答了我的问题

I hadn't asked carefully. The class at MIT shows the killer app

我并没有认真的问过这些问题。

for personal fabrication in the developed world

MIT的学生展现了一个面向发展中国家的杀手级应用

is technology for a market of one: personal expression in technology

即面向一个 人的市场：个人化的表达

that touches a passion unlike anything I've seen in technology

通过技术得以实现，这是我之前从未看到过的

for a very long time.

很久没有看到过了

And the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation

这一杀手级应用

and the fabrication divide: people locally developing solutions

就是缩短数字制造之鸿沟，让人们可以在本地

to local problems. Thank you.

创造出解决自身问题的工具。谢谢大家。