Neil Gershenfeld: The beckoning promise of personal fabrication

81,808 views ใƒป 2007-03-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alf Bae ๊ฒ€ํ† : bowon chung
00:25
This meeting has really been about a digital revolution,
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์ด ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
but I'd like to argue that it's done; we won.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™„์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
We've had a digital revolution but we don't need to keep having it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
And I'd like to look after that,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช… ๋‹ค์Œ์—
00:39
to look what comes after the digital revolution.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
So, let me start projecting forward.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
These are some projects I'm involved in today at MIT,
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ํ˜„์žฌ MIT์—” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:48
looking what comes after computers.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
This first one, Internet Zero, up here -- this is a web server
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, '์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ' ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์›น์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
that has the cost and complexity of an RFID tag --
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์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ RFID ํƒœ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์ด๋ฉฐ
00:59
about a dollar -- that can go in every light bulb and doorknob,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ „๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ ์†์žก์ด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
and this is getting commercialized very quickly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
And what's interesting about it isn't the cost;
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:06
it's the way it encodes the Internet.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
It uses a kind of a Morse code for the Internet
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด์Šค๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:10
so you could send it optically; you can communicate acoustically
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ด‘ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ,
01:13
through a power line, through RF.
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RF์ „ํŒŒ๋‚˜ ์ „์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋„ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
It takes the original principle of the Internet,
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์ด๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚นํ•˜๋Š”
01:17
which is inter-networking computers,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:19
and now lets devices inter-network.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„  ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
That we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the Internet
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„
01:25
and bring it down to the physical world in this Internet Zero,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ '์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ' ์†์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
this internet of devices.
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์ด ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ์š”.
01:30
So this is the next step from there to here,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ
01:32
and this is getting commercialized today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
01:35
A step after that is a project on fungible computers.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ต์—ญ์ด ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So, half as much grain is half as much useful,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณก์‹์˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:45
but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
a whole baby or a whole computer,
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:50
and we've been trying to make computers that work that way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
So, what you see in the background is a prototype.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
This was from a thesis of a student, Bill Butow, now at Intel,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ธํ…”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นŒ ๋ฒ„ํ† ์šฐ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:58
who wondered why, instead of making bigger and bigger chips,
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๋นŒ์€ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์นฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
02:01
you don't make small chips, put them in a viscous medium,
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์ ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์งˆ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:04
and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch.
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ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ์ธ์น˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
And that's what you see here.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
On the left was postscript being rendered by a conventional computer;
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ Œ๋”๋ง๋œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์ด๊ณ 
02:11
on the right is postscript being rendered from the first prototype
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ด ๋ Œ๋”๋งํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
we made, but there's no frame buffer, IO processor,
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋ฒ„ํผ, ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๊ณ 
02:18
any of that stuff -- it's just this material.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully,
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์ ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
02:22
this is a raw material.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
If you add twice as much of it, you have twice as much display.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘๋ฐฐ์˜ ํฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
If you shoot a gun through the middle, nothing happens.
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์ด์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ๋‹คํ•ด๋„ ์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
If you need more resource, you just apply more computer.
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์ข€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ข€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So, that's the step after this -- of computing as a raw material.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ง„ํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
That's still conventional bits, the step after that is --
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
02:39
this is an earlier prototype in the lab;
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
this is high-speed video slowed down.
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๊ณ ์†์ดฌ์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ ํ™”๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
Now, integrating chemistry in computation, where the bits are bubbles.
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ๋“ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
This is showing making bits, this is showing --
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์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”,
02:48
once again, slowed down so you can see it,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
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๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹ฑ, ๋””๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:54
So, now we can compute that the output arranges material
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์ด์ œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ •๋ ฌํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฌผ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
as well as information. And, ultimately, these are some slides
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋“ค์€
03:01
from an early project I did, computing where the bits are stored
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์›์ž์˜ ํ•ต์— ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด
03:04
quantum-mechanically in the nuclei of atoms, so
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์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
03:07
programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules.
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๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์›์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
All of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์€์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •๋ง ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋น„ํŠธ์™€ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ 
03:18
and they lead to the following recognition.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
We all know we've had a digital revolution, but what is that?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒช์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์˜€์„ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:24
Well, Shannon took us, in the '40s, from here to here:
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1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ƒค๋…ผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:27
from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
03:31
to the Internet. And he proved the first threshold theorem, that shows
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„๊ณ„์  ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š”,
03:35
if you add information and remove it to a signal,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ญ์ œํ•ด๋„
03:38
you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device.
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
And that's when we got the Internet.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Von Neumann, in the '50s, did the same thing for computing;
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1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํฐ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
to make it perfect. This was the last great analog computer at MIT:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด MIT์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
a differential analyzer, and the more you ran it,
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๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋ก
03:54
the worse the answer got.
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์ ์  ๋” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–ป๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium, where the billionth transistor
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ํฐ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 10์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ํŽœํ‹ฐ์—„(์ธํ…”์˜ ์†Œ์œ„586 CPU)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
is as reliable as the first one.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
But all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
A state-of-the-art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal,
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๊ฒฝ์ง€์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ธˆ์†์— ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์™์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜
04:08
or you maybe melt some plastic. A 10-billion-dollar chip fab
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์ŠคํŒ… ์šฉํ•ด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 100์–ต๋ถˆ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์นฉ ๊ณต์žฅ๋„
04:11
uses a process a village artisan would recognize --
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๋งˆ์„์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ ์žฅ์ธ๋“ค๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
you spread stuff around and bake it.
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์šฐ์„  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํŽด๊ณ  ๊ตฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
All the intelligence is external to the system;
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:19
the materials don't have information.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
Yesterday you heard about molecular biology,
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์–ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
which fundamentally computes to build.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
04:26
It's an information processing system.
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๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
We've had digital revolutions in communication and computation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
04:32
but precisely the same idea, precisely the same math
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ƒค๋…ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํฐ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€
04:35
Shannon and Von Neuman did, hasn't yet come out
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
to the physical world. So, inspired by that,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์€
04:40
colleagues in this program -- the Center for Bits and Atoms
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ MIT์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ์™€ ์›์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜
04:42
at MIT -- which is a group of people, like me,
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์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ธ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€
04:45
who never understood the boundary between physical science
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
04:48
and computer science. I would even go further and say
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:51
computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด
04:53
to either computers or to science --
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:56
-- because the canon -- computer science --
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€
05:00
many of them are great but the canon of computer science
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€
05:02
prematurely froze a model of computation
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ
05:05
based on technology that was available in 1950,
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๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตณ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
and nature's a much more powerful computer than that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:10
So, you'll hear, tomorrow, from Saul Griffith. He was one of the
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๋‚ด์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ดํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ ์ฒซ ํ•™์ƒ์ธ
05:14
first students to emerge from this program.
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์‚ฌ์šธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ”„์“ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
This was just a proof of principle he did of tiles
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
that interact magnetically, where you write a code,
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์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
much like protein folding, that specifies their structure.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So, there's no feedback to a tool metrology;
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
05:36
that protein are fabricated. So, you can, for example, do that.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
05:40
You can do other things. That's in 2D. It works in 3D.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2์ฐจ์›์ด์ง€๋งŒ 3์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
The video on the upper right -- I won't show for time --
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๋‹ค ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆœ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ„์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
05:45
shows self-replication, templating so something can make something
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜•ํŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ
05:49
that can make something, and we're doing that now over, maybe,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
nine orders of magnitude. Those ideas have been used to show
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9๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
05:55
the best fidelity and direct rate DNA to make an organism,
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DNA๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ํŒนํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์—
06:01
that code for their assembly -- so, much like the magnets,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
06:03
but now on nanometer scales.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Laser micro-machining: essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €: ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
06:09
functional systems, all the way up to building buildings,
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š”. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐจ๊ณกํžˆ ์Œ“์•„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
not by having blueprints,
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์–ด๋–ค ์„ค๊ณ„๋„์— ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:13
but having the parts code for the structure of the building.
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
So, these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:21
to digitize fabrication. Computers that don't control tools
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํˆด์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:25
but computers that are tools, where the output of a program
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
06:29
rearranges atoms as well as bits.
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์›์ž๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Now, to do that -- with your tax dollars, thank you --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
I bought all these machines. We made a modest proposal
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์ „ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” NSF์— ์ œ์•ˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
06:40
to the NSF. We wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale,
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์–ด๋–ค ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
all in one place, because you can't segregate digital fabrication
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ํ•œ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋ณ„๋กœ
06:48
by a discipline or a length scale.
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๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
So we put together focused nano beam writers
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํžŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋น” ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”
06:54
and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro-machining systems.
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์›Œํ„ฐ์ ฏ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ ์—‘์‹œ๋จธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ œ์ž‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
But I had a problem. Once I had all these machines,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•˜์ž
07:02
I was spending too much time teaching students to use them.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
So I started teaching a class, modestly called,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
"How To Make Almost Anything." And that wasn't meant to be provocative;
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ "๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•"์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
it was just for a few research students.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
07:12
But the first day of class looked like this.
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์ˆ˜์—… ์ฒซ๋‚ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
You know, hundreds of people came in begging,
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์ •๋ง ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช…์ด ์™€์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ์• ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
all my life I've been waiting for this class; I'll do anything to do it.
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์ œ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์˜จ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
Then they'd ask, can you teach it at MIT? It seems too useful?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ : ๋‹น์‹ ์ด MIT์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋‚˜์š”? ์œ ์šฉํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
07:22
And then the next --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์€..
07:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:25
-- surprising thing was they weren't there to do research.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
They were there because they wanted to make stuff.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜€์ฃ .
07:28
They had no conventional technical background.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
At the end of a semester they integrated their skills.
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ํ•™๊ธฐ๋ง์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ.
07:34
I'll show an old video. Kelly was a sculptor, and this is what she did
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜›๋‚  ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
with her semester project.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ•™๊ธฐ๋ง ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
(Video): Kelly: Hi, I'm Kelly and this is my scream buddy.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ: ์•ˆ๋…•, ์ „ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ์ œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Do you ever find yourself in a situation
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
07:48
where you really have to scream, but you can't because you're at work,
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์ง์žฅ์ด๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
07:53
or you're in a classroom, or you're watching your children,
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ต์‹ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์• ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€์š”.
07:56
or you're in any number of situations where it's just not permitted?
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์•„๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋ผ๋„์š”.
08:01
Well, scream buddy is a portable space for screaming.
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๋„ค, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
When a user screams into scream buddy, their scream is silenced.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€์š”.
08:10
It is also recorded for later release where, when and how
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋กœ
08:14
the user chooses.
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๋…น์Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ‹€์–ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
(Scream)
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(๋น„๋ช…)
08:39
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:43
So, Einstein would like this.
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์•„๋งˆ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
08:45
This student made a web browser for parrots --
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›น๋ธŒ๋กœ์šฐ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:46
lets parrots surf the Net and talk to other parrots.
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์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
This student's made an alarm clock you wrestle
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ž๋ช…์ข… ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:51
to prove you're awake; this is one that defends --
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
08:53
a dress that defends your personal space.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
08:55
This isn't technology for communication;
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์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:57
it's technology to prevent it.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
This is a device that lets you see your music.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฅ์น˜์ด๊ณ ์š”.
09:02
This is a student who made a machine that makes machines,
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
and he made it by making Lego bricks that do the computing.
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๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ฆญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:08
Just year after year -- and I finally realized
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๋ช‡๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ €๋Š” ๋น„๋กœ์„œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
the students were showing the killer app of personal fabrication
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์•ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
is products for a market of one person.
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๋‹จ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
You don't need this for what you can get in Wal-Mart;
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์›”๋งˆํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
you need this for what makes you unique.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Ken Olsen famously said, nobody needs a computer in the home.
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์ผ„ ์˜ฌ์„ผ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ง‘์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋†“์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
But you don't use it for inventory and payroll;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•„์š”์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
DEC is now twice bankrupt. You don't need personal fabrication
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๋ฑ์€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚จ๊ฐ์ด์ง€์š”. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
09:28
in the home to buy what you can buy because you can buy it.
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์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
You need it for what makes you unique, just like personalization.
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ํผ์Šค๋„๋ผ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜(๊ฐœ์ธํ™”)๊ฐ™์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
So, with that, in turn, 20 million dollars today does this;
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 2์ฒœ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ
09:38
20 years from now we'll make Star Trek replicators that make anything.
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20๋…„ ํ›„ ์ฏค์—๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€ ํŠธ๋ ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
The students hijacked all the machines I bought to do personal fabrication.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:46
Today, when you spend that much of your money,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ ํ• ๋•Œ์—
09:48
there's a government requirement to do outreach, which often means
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์ด๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ; ๊ตณ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
09:51
classes at a local school, a website -- stuff that's just not that exciting.
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์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
So, I made a deal with my NSF program managers that
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ NSF ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ์ €๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:58
instead of talking about it, I'd give people the tools.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
This wasn't meant to be provocative or important,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
but we put together these Fab Labs. It's about 20,000 dollars in equipment
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ํŒน์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด 2๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
10:06
that approximate both what the 20 million dollars does and where it's going.
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2์ฒœ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
A laser cutter to do press-fit assembly with 3D from 2D,
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2์ฐจ์›์—์„œ 3์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ ˆ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ 
10:14
a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics,
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์„ ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก  ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ
10:16
a micron scale,
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์ ˆ๋‹จํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
numerically-controlled milling machine for precise structures,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜๋Š”
10:20
programming tools for less than a dollar,
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1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ๋ฐ
10:23
100-nanosecond microcontrollers. It lets you work from microns
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100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก  ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ
10:26
and microseconds on up, and they exploded around the world.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ดˆ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
This wasn't scheduled, but they went from inner-city Boston
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์ด๊ฑด ์Šค์ผ€์ฅด์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
10:32
to Pobal in India, to Secondi-Takoradi on Ghana's coast
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์ธ๋””์•„์˜ ๋ณดํŒ”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์„ธ์ฝ˜๋””-ํƒ€์ฝ”๋ผ๋”” ๊นŒ์ง€
10:36
to Soshanguve in a township in South Africa,
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์†Œ์ƒจ๊ตฌ๋ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆ์„๊นŒ์ง€
10:39
to the far north of Norway, uncovering, or helping uncover,
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋์˜ ์•„์ง ๊ฐœ์ฒ™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€
10:43
for all the attention to the digital divide,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๋””๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ์—
10:46
we would find unused computers in all these places.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
A farmer in a rural village -- a kid needs to measure and modify
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์‹œ๊ณจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋Š”
10:53
the world, not just get information about it on a screen.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
That there's really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ(๊ฒฉ์ฐจ)๋ณด๋‘ ๊นŠ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
10:59
bigger than the digital divide.
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ํฐ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
And the way you close it is not IT for the masses but IT development for the masses.
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IT๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด IT๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
So, in place after place
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ณณ ์ €๊ณณ์—์„œ
11:08
we saw this same progression: that we'd open one of these Fab Labs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒน์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
where we didn't -- this is too crazy to think of.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ฏธ์นœ์ง“์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
We didn't think this up, that we would get pulled to these places;
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ธ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
we'd open it. The first step was just empowerment.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์—ด์–ด ์ œ๋‚„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ . ๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
You can see it in their face, just this joy of, I can do it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
This is a girl in inner-city Boston who had just done a high-tech
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ
11:24
on-demand craft sale in the inner city community center.
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์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ๊ณต์˜ˆ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
It goes on from there to serious hands-on technical education
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์œก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
informally, out of schools. In Ghana we had set up one of these labs.
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ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
We designed a network sensor, and kids would show up
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์• ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ์„œ
11:39
and refuse to leave the lab.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
11:40
There was a girl who insisted we stay late at night --
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์ด ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฐค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:43
(Video): Kids: I love the Fab Lab.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์•„์ด: ์ „ ํŒน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด์š”.
11:45
-- her first night in the lab because she was going to make the sensor.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐค์„ ์ง€์ƒˆ์› ์ง€์š”.
11:48
So she insisted on fabbing the board, learning how to stuff it,
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๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
learning how to program it. She didn't really know
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
what she was doing or why she was doing it, but she knew
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ญ˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:55
she just had to do it. There was something electric about it.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋“ฏ์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
This is late at, you know, 11 o'clock at night
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐค ์—ดํ•œ์‹œ์ฏค ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
12:00
and I think I was the only person surprised when what she built
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์„๋•Œ
12:03
worked the first time.
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๋†€๋ž€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ €์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
And I've shown this to engineers at big companies, and they say
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์ „ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:07
they can't do this. Any one thing she's doing, they can do better,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฑด ๊ทธ์•  ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค ์ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
12:10
but it's distributed over many people and many sites
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฑด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
12:13
and they can't do in an afternoon
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๋ฐ˜๋‚˜์ ˆ๋งŒ์— ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
what this little girl in rural Ghana is doing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
(Video): Girl: My name is Valentina Kofi; I am eight years old.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค): ์†Œ๋…€: ์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ Œํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์—์š” 8์‚ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
I made a stacking board.
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์ €๋Š” ์ ์ธต ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
And, again, that was just for the joy of it.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
12:43
Then these labs started doing serious problem solving --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
instrumentation for agriculture in India,
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์ธ๋„์˜ ๋†์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ
12:48
steam turbines for energy conversion in Ghana,
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๊ฐ€๋‚˜์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ
12:50
high-gain antennas in thin client computers.
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ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜
12:54
And then, in turn, businesses started to grow,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
like making these antennas.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ™์ด์š”.
12:56
And finally, the lab started doing invention.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
We're learning more from them than we're giving them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
I was showing my kids in a Fab Lab how to use it.
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์• ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒน ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:03
They invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box --
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ํŒ์ง€๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ์กฐ ํ‚คํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
which, as you see up there, that's becoming a business --
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๊ทธ๊ฑด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์‚ฌ์—…ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
but their design was better than Saul's design at MIT,
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MIT์˜ ์‚ฌ์šธ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
so there's now three students at MIT doing their theses on
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ MIT์˜ ํ•™์ƒ 3๋ช…์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
scaling the work of eight-year-old children
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8์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ปค์ง„๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:18
because they had better designs.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋””์ž์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
Real invention is happening in these labs.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
And I still kept -- so, in the last year I've been spending time with
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
13:24
heads of state and generals and tribal chiefs who all want this,
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๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
13:27
and I keep saying, but this isn't the real thing.
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๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
Wait, like, 20 years and then we'll be done.
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ํ•œ 20๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™„์„ฑ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
And I finally got what's been going on. This is Kernigan and Ritchie
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ปค๋‹ˆ๊ฑด ๊ณผ ๋ฆฟ์น˜๊ฐ€
13:34
inventing UNIX on a PDP.
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PDP์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ UNIX๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
PDPs came between mainframes and minicomputers.
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PDP๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
They were tens of thousands of dollars, hard to use,
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด์˜€์ฃ .
13:42
but they brought computing down to work groups,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ž
13:44
and everything we do today happened there.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
These Fab Labs are the cost and complexity of a PDP.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํŒน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์€ ๋”ฑ PDP๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„์™€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
The projection of digital fabrication
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ์ „๋ง์€
13:51
isn't a projection for the future; we are now in the PDP era.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง PDP์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
We talked in hushed tones about the great discoveries then.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ง์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
It was very chaotic, it wasn't, sort of, clear what was going on.
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๊ฝค ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—ˆ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
In the same sense we are now, today, in the minicomputer era
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:03
of digital fabrication.
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
The only problem with that is it breaks everybody's boundaries.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
In DC, I go to every agency that wants to talk, you know;
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด๋””์”จ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
in the Bay Area, I go to every organization you can think of --
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์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์ง€์š”.
14:14
they all want to talk about it, but it breaks
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:16
their organizational boundaries. In fact, it's illegal for them,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ . ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ผ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
in many cases, to equip ordinary people to create
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณดํ†ต์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
14:23
rather than consume technology.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:24
And that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention
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๊ถ๊ทน์  ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š”
14:28
coming from this community surprised me:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
it's the social engineering. That the lab in far north of Norway --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์…œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋ถ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:35
this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋„ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด๋ผ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
14:37
rather than the sky because that's where the satellites are --
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋•…์ชฝ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:41
the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ—›๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
It was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains
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์—ฌ๊ธด ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
but it outgrew it, so they built this extraordinary village for the lab.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:49
This isn't a university; it's not a company. It's essentially
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์—ฌ๊ธด ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:51
a village for invention; it's a village for the outliers in society,
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๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„์ด๊ณ  ์ด ๋งˆ์„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
and those have been growing up around these Fab Labs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด
14:58
all around the world.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
So this program has split into an NGO foundation,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ NGO์žฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
a Fab Foundation to support the scaling, a micro VC fund.
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์ด ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒค์ณ์บํ”ผํ„ธ ํŽ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
The person who runs it nicely describes it as
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ
15:08
"machines that make machines need businesses that make businesses:"
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋“ฏ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
it's a cross between micro-finance and VC to do fan-out,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณผ ๋ฒค์ณ์บํ”ผํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ์˜์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
15:15
and then the research partnerships back at MIT for what's
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  MIT๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
15:17
making it possible.
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๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์›๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
So I'd like to leave you with two thoughts.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ผ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
There's been a sea change in aid, from top-down mega-projects
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๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ๊ธˆ์œต์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—
15:27
to bottom-up, grassroots, micro-finance investing in the roots,
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๋„์›€์„ ์ค˜์„œ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ ค๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
so that everybody's got that that's what works.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
But we still look at technology as top-down mega-projects.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ‘๋‹ค์šด์‹์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
Computing, communication, energy for the rest of the planet
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ‘๋‹ค์šดํ˜• ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์€
15:40
are these top-down mega-projects.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
If this room full of heroes is just clever enough,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์˜์›…๋“ค์ด
15:44
you can solve the problems.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
The message coming from the Fab Labs is that
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 50์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:48
the other five billion people on the planet
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ํŒน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
aren't just technical sinks; they're sources.
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
The real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world
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์ง€์—ญ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์  ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
15:55
to locally design and produce solutions to local problems.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํž˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
I thought that's the projection 20 years hence into the future,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ 20๋…„ ์ „๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
but it's where we are today.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€
16:04
It breaks every organizational boundary we can think of.
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๊ทธ ์กฐ์ง์  ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์งˆ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
The hardest thing at this point is the social engineering
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์…œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
and the organizational engineering, but it's here today.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ด๊ณ ์š”. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
And, finally, any talk like this on the future of computing
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„
16:14
is required to show Moore's law, but my favorite version --
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๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
16:18
this is Gordon Moore's original one from his original paper --
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๊ทธ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ณ ๋“  ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
and what's happened is, year after year after year,
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„
16:25
we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled
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์ ์ ๋”, ์ ์ ๋”, ์ ์ ๋”
16:26
and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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์ ์ ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ํ‚ค์ง€๊ณ 
16:30
and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์ปค์ ธ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
and there's this looming bug of what's going to happen
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šด์ด ์ ์  ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
at the end of Moore's law; this ultimate bug is coming.
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๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™ ๋์—์„œ ์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๊ธฐ์šด์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
But we're coming to appreciate, is the transition from 2D to 3D,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜, 2์ฐจ์›์—์„œ 3์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ
16:42
from programming bits to programming atoms,
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๋น„ํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์—์„œ ์›์ž ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์œผ๋กœ
16:45
turns the ends of Moore's law scaling from the ultimate bug
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์ ์ธ
16:47
to the ultimate feature.
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๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
So, we're just at the edge of this digital revolution in fabrication,
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์ œ์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์— ์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
where the output of computation programs the physical world.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
So, together, these two projects answer questions
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
I hadn't asked carefully. The class at MIT shows the killer app
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์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ MIT์˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋Š”
17:03
for personal fabrication in the developed world
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์‚ฐ๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ์ œ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์•ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
17:05
is technology for a market of one: personal expression in technology
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
17:09
that touches a passion unlike anything I've seen in technology
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ด์ •์„
17:12
for a very long time.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
And the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation
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์ด ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์•ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ
17:18
and the fabrication divide: people locally developing solutions
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์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ
17:21
to local problems. Thank you.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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