Neil Gershenfeld: The beckoning promise of personal fabrication

82,359 views ใƒป 2007-03-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
This meeting has really been about a digital revolution,
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ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
00:29
but I'd like to argue that it's done; we won.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ืžืจื”; ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•.
00:33
We've had a digital revolution but we don't need to keep having it.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื•ืชื”.
00:37
And I'd like to look after that,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
00:39
to look what comes after the digital revolution.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
00:42
So, let me start projecting forward.
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ืื–, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:44
These are some projects I'm involved in today at MIT,
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ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื‘MIT,
00:48
looking what comes after computers.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘.
00:51
This first one, Internet Zero, up here -- this is a web server
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืคืก, ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื” -- ื–ื” ืฉืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:56
that has the cost and complexity of an RFID tag --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ RFID --
00:59
about a dollar -- that can go in every light bulb and doorknob,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ื•ืœืจ -- ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืช ื“ืœืช,
01:02
and this is getting commercialized very quickly.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
01:04
And what's interesting about it isn't the cost;
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ;
01:06
it's the way it encodes the Internet.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:07
It uses a kind of a Morse code for the Internet
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืก ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
01:10
so you could send it optically; you can communicate acoustically
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช; ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช
01:13
through a power line, through RF.
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ื“ืจืš ืงื• ืžืชื—, ื“ืจืš ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
01:15
It takes the original principle of the Internet,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
01:17
which is inter-networking computers,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืชื™ื,
01:19
and now lets devices inter-network.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉืช.
01:22
That we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the Internet
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ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
01:25
and bring it down to the physical world in this Internet Zero,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืคืก ื”ื–ื”,
01:28
this internet of devices.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
01:30
So this is the next step from there to here,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืžืฉื ืœืคื”,
01:32
and this is getting commercialized today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:35
A step after that is a project on fungible computers.
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ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ.
01:40
Fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded.
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ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืจ.
01:43
So, half as much grain is half as much useful,
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ืื–, ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”,
01:45
but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื• ื—ืฆื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื
01:48
a whole baby or a whole computer,
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ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื,
01:50
and we've been trying to make computers that work that way.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
01:53
So, what you see in the background is a prototype.
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
01:55
This was from a thesis of a student, Bill Butow, now at Intel,
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ืžืชื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜, ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœ,
01:58
who wondered why, instead of making bigger and bigger chips,
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ืฉืชื”ื” ืœืžื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:01
you don't make small chips, put them in a viscous medium,
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืฆืžื™ื’ื™,
02:04
and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch.
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ื•ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื• ืœืคื™ ื ืคื—.
02:06
And that's what you see here.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”.
02:08
On the left was postscript being rendered by a conventional computer;
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ื ื“ืจ ืคื•ื˜ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
02:11
on the right is postscript being rendered from the first prototype
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืกื˜ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืžืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”
02:14
we made, but there's no frame buffer, IO processor,
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจ, ืžืขื‘ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
02:18
any of that stuff -- it's just this material.
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ื›ืœื•ื ืžืืœื” -- ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:20
Unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืกืš ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:22
this is a raw material.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
02:23
If you add twice as much of it, you have twice as much display.
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ืื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืชืฆื•ื’ื”.
02:26
If you shoot a gun through the middle, nothing happens.
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ืื ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื”.
02:29
If you need more resource, you just apply more computer.
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ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:33
So, that's the step after this -- of computing as a raw material.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” -- ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื.
02:36
That's still conventional bits, the step after that is --
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ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” --
02:39
this is an earlier prototype in the lab;
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ื–ื” ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
02:41
this is high-speed video slowed down.
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ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื•ืื˜.
02:43
Now, integrating chemistry in computation, where the bits are bubbles.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:46
This is showing making bits, this is showing --
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืจืื” --
02:48
once again, slowed down so you can see it,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื•ืื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:50
bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de-multiplexing.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืคืฉื˜ื”.
02:54
So, now we can compute that the output arranges material
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืจื’ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:57
as well as information. And, ultimately, these are some slides
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช
03:01
from an early project I did, computing where the bits are stored
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ืžืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืกื ื™ื
03:04
quantum-mechanically in the nuclei of atoms, so
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ื‘ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื, ืื–
03:07
programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
03:11
All of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
03:15
not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms,
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ืœื ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
03:18
and they lead to the following recognition.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:21
We all know we've had a digital revolution, but what is that?
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื?
03:24
Well, Shannon took us, in the '40s, from here to here:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืœื›ืืŸ:
03:27
from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance
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ืžื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืฉื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืจื—ืง
03:31
to the Internet. And he proved the first threshold theorem, that shows
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ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืกืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืžืจืื”
03:35
if you add information and remove it to a signal,
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ืฉืื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืกื™ื’ื ืœ ื•ืชืกื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•,
03:38
you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
03:40
And that's when we got the Internet.
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ื•ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:42
Von Neumann, in the '50s, did the same thing for computing;
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ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50, ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื•ื‘;
03:45
he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืืžื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•
03:48
to make it perfect. This was the last great analog computer at MIT:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืฉืœื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžMIT:
03:52
a differential analyzer, and the more you ran it,
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ืžื ืชื— ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจืฆืชื ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:54
the worse the answer got.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:56
After Von Neumann, we have the Pentium, where the billionth transistor
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ืื—ืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
03:59
is as reliable as the first one.
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ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:02
But all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
04:05
A state-of-the-art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal,
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ืžืคืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืงืก ืžื˜ืืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”,
04:08
or you maybe melt some plastic. A 10-billion-dollar chip fab
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืžื™ืกื• ืงืฆืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ืžืคืขืœ ืฆ'ื™ืคื™ื ื‘10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:11
uses a process a village artisan would recognize --
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืืžืŸ ื›ืคืจื™ ื™ื›ื™ืจ --
04:14
you spread stuff around and bake it.
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ืืชื ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:17
All the intelligence is external to the system;
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช;
04:19
the materials don't have information.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:21
Yesterday you heard about molecular biology,
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ืืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
04:24
which fundamentally computes to build.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช.
04:26
It's an information processing system.
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:28
We've had digital revolutions in communication and computation,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:32
but precisely the same idea, precisely the same math
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
04:35
Shannon and Von Neuman did, hasn't yet come out
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ืฉืฉื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขืฉื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืื”
04:37
to the physical world. So, inspired by that,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™. ืื–, ืขื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื–ื”,
04:40
colleagues in this program -- the Center for Bits and Atoms
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช -- ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
04:42
at MIT -- which is a group of people, like me,
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ื‘MIT -- ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
04:45
who never understood the boundary between physical science
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืคื™ืกื™
04:48
and computer science. I would even go further and say
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ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจื—ื™ืง ื•ืื•ืžืจ
04:51
computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened
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ืฉืžื“ืข ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืจื•
04:53
to either computers or to science --
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ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื“ืข --
04:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:56
-- because the canon -- computer science --
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-- ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืชื— -- ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ --
05:00
many of them are great but the canon of computer science
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
05:02
prematurely froze a model of computation
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ื”ืงืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื™ื“ื™
05:05
based on technology that was available in 1950,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘1950.
05:08
and nature's a much more powerful computer than that.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื”.
05:10
So, you'll hear, tomorrow, from Saul Griffith. He was one of the
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ืื–, ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื•, ืžื—ืจ, ืžืกื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ืคื™ืช'. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืื—ื“
05:14
first students to emerge from this program.
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ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ื—ื• ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
05:17
We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
05:20
This was just a proof of principle he did of tiles
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
05:23
that interact magnetically, where you write a code,
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื ืืชื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“,
05:25
much like protein folding, that specifies their structure.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
05:28
So, there's no feedback to a tool metrology;
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ืื–, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื,
05:31
the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš
05:36
that protein are fabricated. So, you can, for example, do that.
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ื‘ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:40
You can do other things. That's in 2D. It works in 3D.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
05:43
The video on the upper right -- I won't show for time --
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ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” -- ืื ื™ ืœื ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืคืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ --
05:45
shows self-replication, templating so something can make something
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ืžืจืื” ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื˜ืžืคืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
05:49
that can make something, and we're doing that now over, maybe,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš, ืื•ืœื™,
05:52
nine orders of magnitude. Those ideas have been used to show
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ืชืฉืข ืจืžื•ืช. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
05:55
the best fidelity and direct rate DNA to make an organism,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืงืฆื‘ DNA ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื,
05:58
in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails
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ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“
06:01
that code for their assembly -- so, much like the magnets,
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื–, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื,
06:03
but now on nanometer scales.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
06:05
Laser micro-machining: essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate
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ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื: ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
06:09
functional systems, all the way up to building buildings,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
06:12
not by having blueprints,
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:13
but having the parts code for the structure of the building.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:16
So, these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies
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ืื–, ืืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช
06:21
to digitize fabrication. Computers that don't control tools
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ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื
06:25
but computers that are tools, where the output of a program
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ืืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
06:29
rearranges atoms as well as bits.
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ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:33
Now, to do that -- with your tax dollars, thank you --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” -- ืขื ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” --
06:36
I bought all these machines. We made a modest proposal
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ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”
06:40
to the NSF. We wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale,
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ืœNSF. ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื”,
06:44
all in one place, because you can't segregate digital fabrication
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
06:48
by a discipline or a length scale.
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ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืื• ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš.
06:50
So we put together focused nano beam writers
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ืื– ืฉืžื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืงืจื ื™ ื ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื
06:54
and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro-machining systems.
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ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
06:59
But I had a problem. Once I had all these machines,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
07:02
I was spending too much time teaching students to use them.
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ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืœืžื“ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
07:05
So I started teaching a class, modestly called,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืชื”, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช,
07:07
"How To Make Almost Anything." And that wasn't meant to be provocative;
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"ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ." ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
07:10
it was just for a few research students.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ.
07:12
But the first day of class looked like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
07:14
You know, hundreds of people came in begging,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื• ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื
07:16
all my life I've been waiting for this class; I'll do anything to do it.
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.
07:19
Then they'd ask, can you teach it at MIT? It seems too useful?
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘MIT? ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™?
07:22
And then the next --
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ื•ืื– --
07:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
-- surprising thing was they weren't there to do research.
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-- ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
07:26
They were there because they wanted to make stuff.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:28
They had no conventional technical background.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจืงืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
07:32
At the end of a semester they integrated their skills.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:34
I'll show an old video. Kelly was a sculptor, and this is what she did
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ืฉืŸ. ืงืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืกืœืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื”
07:38
with her semester project.
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ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืกื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”.
07:40
(Video): Kelly: Hi, I'm Kelly and this is my scream buddy.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ืงืœื™: ื”ื™, ืื ื™ ืงืœื™ ื•ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืขืงื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
07:45
Do you ever find yourself in a situation
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘
07:48
where you really have to scream, but you can't because you're at work,
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ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
07:53
or you're in a classroom, or you're watching your children,
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ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืื• ืฉืืชื ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
07:56
or you're in any number of situations where it's just not permitted?
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ?
08:01
Well, scream buddy is a portable space for screaming.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืขืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืœืฆืขืงื•ืช.
08:05
When a user screams into scream buddy, their scream is silenced.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฆื•ืขืง ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืขืงื•ืช, ื”ืฆืขืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉืงื˜ืช.
08:10
It is also recorded for later release where, when and how
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
08:14
the user chooses.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ.
08:36
(Scream)
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(ืฆืขืงื”)
08:39
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:43
So, Einstein would like this.
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ืื–, ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:45
This student made a web browser for parrots --
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื™ื --
08:46
lets parrots surf the Net and talk to other parrots.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:49
This student's made an alarm clock you wrestle
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื•
08:51
to prove you're awake; this is one that defends --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื’ืŸ --
08:53
a dress that defends your personal space.
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ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
08:55
This isn't technology for communication;
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ื–ื• ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช;
08:57
it's technology to prevent it.
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืชื”.
08:59
This is a device that lets you see your music.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื›ื.
09:02
This is a student who made a machine that makes machines,
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ื–ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
09:05
and he made it by making Lego bricks that do the computing.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืœื’ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:08
Just year after year -- and I finally realized
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” -- ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
09:10
the students were showing the killer app of personal fabrication
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ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™
09:14
is products for a market of one person.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
09:16
You don't need this for what you can get in Wal-Mart;
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื•ื•ืœ-ืžืืจื˜;
09:18
you need this for what makes you unique.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
09:19
Ken Olsen famously said, nobody needs a computer in the home.
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ืงืŸ ืื•ืœืกืŸ ืืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
09:23
But you don't use it for inventory and payroll;
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืžืฆืื™ ื•ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช;
09:25
DEC is now twice bankrupt. You don't need personal fabrication
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ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืคืฉื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
09:28
in the home to buy what you can buy because you can buy it.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:30
You need it for what makes you unique, just like personalization.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
09:34
So, with that, in turn, 20 million dollars today does this;
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ืื–, ืขื ื–ื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:38
20 years from now we'll make Star Trek replicators that make anything.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืžืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:42
The students hijacked all the machines I bought to do personal fabrication.
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™.
09:46
Today, when you spend that much of your money,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
09:48
there's a government requirement to do outreach, which often means
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
09:51
classes at a local school, a website -- stuff that's just not that exciting.
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ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜; ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
09:54
So, I made a deal with my NSF program managers that
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ืื–, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขืกืงื” ืขื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘NSF
09:58
instead of talking about it, I'd give people the tools.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื.
10:00
This wasn't meant to be provocative or important,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
10:02
but we put together these Fab Labs. It's about 20,000 dollars in equipment
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื”. ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
10:06
that approximate both what the 20 million dollars does and where it's going.
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ืฉืฉื•ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืžื” ืฉ20 ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืชื›ื.
10:11
A laser cutter to do press-fit assembly with 3D from 2D,
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ื—ื•ืชืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“,
10:14
a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics,
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ื—ื•ืชืš ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื,
10:16
a micron scale,
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ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™,
10:18
numerically-controlled milling machine for precise structures,
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ื›ืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื,
10:20
programming tools for less than a dollar,
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ื›ืœื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ,
10:23
100-nanosecond microcontrollers. It lets you work from microns
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ืžื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ 100 ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื
10:26
and microseconds on up, and they exploded around the world.
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ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื”ื ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
10:30
This wasn't scheduled, but they went from inner-city Boston
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
10:32
to Pobal in India, to Secondi-Takoradi on Ghana's coast
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ืœืคื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœืกืงื•ื ื“ื™-ื˜ืงื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ื’ืื ื”
10:36
to Soshanguve in a township in South Africa,
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ืœืกื•ืฉื ื’ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:39
to the far north of Norway, uncovering, or helping uncover,
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ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ืฉืคื•, ืื• ืขื–ืจื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ,
10:43
for all the attention to the digital divide,
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ืœื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืคืขืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
10:46
we would find unused computers in all these places.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:50
A farmer in a rural village -- a kid needs to measure and modify
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ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื™ -- ื™ืœื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื
10:53
the world, not just get information about it on a screen.
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ืจืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืš.
10:57
That there's really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ื
10:59
bigger than the digital divide.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
11:02
And the way you close it is not IT for the masses but IT development for the masses.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืœื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
11:05
So, in place after place
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืงื•ื
11:08
we saw this same progression: that we'd open one of these Fab Labs,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช: ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื”,
11:11
where we didn't -- this is too crazy to think of.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืคืชื—ื ื• -- ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืžื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:14
We didn't think this up, that we would get pulled to these places;
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
11:17
we'd open it. The first step was just empowerment.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืชื—ื ื•. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—.
11:19
You can see it in their face, just this joy of, I can do it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื, ืืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:22
This is a girl in inner-city Boston who had just done a high-tech
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ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”
11:24
on-demand craft sale in the inner city community center.
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ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื‘ืžืชื "ืก ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
11:28
It goes on from there to serious hands-on technical education
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžืฉื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™
11:32
informally, out of schools. In Ghana we had set up one of these labs.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ. ื‘ื’ืื ื” ื”ืงืžื ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
11:37
We designed a network sensor, and kids would show up
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ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื
11:39
and refuse to leave the lab.
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ื•ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
11:40
There was a girl who insisted we stay late at night --
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” --
11:43
(Video): Kids: I love the Fab Lab.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
11:45
-- her first night in the lab because she was going to make the sensor.
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-- ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ.
11:48
So she insisted on fabbing the board, learning how to stuff it,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื•,
11:51
learning how to program it. She didn't really know
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื“ืขื”
11:53
what she was doing or why she was doing it, but she knew
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืื• ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื”
11:55
she just had to do it. There was something electric about it.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื–ื”.
11:58
This is late at, you know, 11 o'clock at night
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, 11 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
12:00
and I think I was the only person surprised when what she built
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืคืชืข ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื”
12:03
worked the first time.
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ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
12:05
And I've shown this to engineers at big companies, and they say
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ื•ื”ืจืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•
12:07
they can't do this. Any one thing she's doing, they can do better,
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื”, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:10
but it's distributed over many people and many sites
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ื
12:13
and they can't do in an afternoon
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืื—ื“
12:14
what this little girl in rural Ghana is doing.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืื ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื”.
12:33
(Video): Girl: My name is Valentina Kofi; I am eight years old.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ื™ืœื“ื”: ืฉืžื™ ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืคื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
12:37
I made a stacking board.
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืœื•ื— ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
12:40
And, again, that was just for the joy of it.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:43
Then these labs started doing serious problem solving --
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ืื– ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช --
12:46
instrumentation for agriculture in India,
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ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
12:48
steam turbines for energy conversion in Ghana,
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืื ื”,
12:50
high-gain antennas in thin client computers.
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ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืœืงื•ื— ื“ืงื™ื,
12:54
And then, in turn, businesses started to grow,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื—,
12:55
like making these antennas.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
12:56
And finally, the lab started doing invention.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช.
12:58
We're learning more from them than we're giving them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืžืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
13:00
I was showing my kids in a Fab Lab how to use it.
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ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
13:03
They invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box --
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ื˜ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืคืกืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ --
13:07
which, as you see up there, that's becoming a business --
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ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื–ื” ื ื”ืคืš ืœืขืกืง --
13:09
but their design was better than Saul's design at MIT,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœ ื‘MIT,
13:12
so there's now three students at MIT doing their theses on
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 3 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘MIT ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ
13:15
scaling the work of eight-year-old children
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ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
13:18
because they had better designs.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:19
Real invention is happening in these labs.
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ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:22
And I still kept -- so, in the last year I've been spending time with
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจืชื™ -- ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื
13:24
heads of state and generals and tribal chiefs who all want this,
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ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืืช ื–ื”,
13:27
and I keep saying, but this isn't the real thing.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
13:29
Wait, like, 20 years and then we'll be done.
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ื—ื›ื•, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 20 ืฉื ื” ื•ืื– ื ืกื™ื™ื.
13:31
And I finally got what's been going on. This is Kernigan and Ritchie
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”. ื–ื” ืงืจื ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฆ'ื™
13:34
inventing UNIX on a PDP.
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ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช UNIX ืขืœ PDP.
13:37
PDPs came between mainframes and minicomputers.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ PDP ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
13:39
They were tens of thousands of dollars, hard to use,
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
13:42
but they brought computing down to work groups,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
13:44
and everything we do today happened there.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงืจื” ืฉื.
13:46
These Fab Labs are the cost and complexity of a PDP.
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”PDP.
13:49
The projection of digital fabrication
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
13:51
isn't a projection for the future; we are now in the PDP era.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“; ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”PDP.
13:54
We talked in hushed tones about the great discoveries then.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื–.
13:57
It was very chaotic, it wasn't, sort of, clear what was going on.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืื•ื˜ื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
14:00
In the same sense we are now, today, in the minicomputer era
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
14:03
of digital fabrication.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
14:05
The only problem with that is it breaks everybody's boundaries.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
14:09
In DC, I go to every agency that wants to talk, you know;
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ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:12
in the Bay Area, I go to every organization you can think of --
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
14:14
they all want to talk about it, but it breaks
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ
14:16
their organizational boundaries. In fact, it's illegal for them,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื,
14:19
in many cases, to equip ordinary people to create
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืœืชืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
14:23
rather than consume technology.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
14:24
And that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
14:28
coming from this community surprised me:
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื™:
14:31
it's the social engineering. That the lab in far north of Norway --
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” --
14:35
this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground
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ื–ื” ื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจืฆืคื”
14:37
rather than the sky because that's where the satellites are --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื --
14:41
the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืกื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืชื”.
14:42
It was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื
14:45
but it outgrew it, so they built this extraordinary village for the lab.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
14:49
This isn't a university; it's not a company. It's essentially
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื”; ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
14:51
a village for invention; it's a village for the outliers in society,
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ื›ืคืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช, ื–ื” ื›ืคืจ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
14:56
and those have been growing up around these Fab Labs
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ื•ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•
14:58
all around the world.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
14:59
So this program has split into an NGO foundation,
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ืื– ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ืœืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช,
15:03
a Fab Foundation to support the scaling, a micro VC fund.
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ืงืจืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืžื™ืงืจื• ืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:07
The person who runs it nicely describes it as
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช
15:08
"machines that make machines need businesses that make businesses:"
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ื›ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื:
15:12
it's a cross between micro-finance and VC to do fan-out,
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ื–ื• ื”ื›ืœืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆืœ,
15:15
and then the research partnerships back at MIT for what's
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘MIT ืœืžื”
15:17
making it possible.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
15:20
So I'd like to leave you with two thoughts.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
15:22
There's been a sea change in aid, from top-down mega-projects
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข, ืžืžื’ื”-ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื—ืชื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”
15:27
to bottom-up, grassroots, micro-finance investing in the roots,
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ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”, ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,
15:31
so that everybody's got that that's what works.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“.
15:34
But we still look at technology as top-down mega-projects.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื’ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื—ืชื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
15:37
Computing, communication, energy for the rest of the planet
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ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
15:40
are these top-down mega-projects.
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ื”ื ื”ืžื’ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:42
If this room full of heroes is just clever enough,
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ืื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
15:44
you can solve the problems.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
15:46
The message coming from the Fab Labs is that
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ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื
15:48
the other five billion people on the planet
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ืฉื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
15:50
aren't just technical sinks; they're sources.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื; ื”ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
15:52
The real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:55
to locally design and produce solutions to local problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื•ืงืืœื™ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช.
15:59
I thought that's the projection 20 years hence into the future,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช 20 ืฉื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
16:02
but it's where we are today.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:04
It breaks every organizational boundary we can think of.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
16:06
The hardest thing at this point is the social engineering
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
16:09
and the organizational engineering, but it's here today.
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ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:12
And, finally, any talk like this on the future of computing
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:14
is required to show Moore's law, but my favorite version --
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ --
16:18
this is Gordon Moore's original one from his original paper --
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ื–ื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื• --
16:23
and what's happened is, year after year after year,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
16:25
we've scaled and we've scaled and we've scaled
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
16:26
and we've scaled, and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
16:30
and we've scaled and we've scaled,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
16:31
and there's this looming bug of what's going to happen
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืื’ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช
16:33
at the end of Moore's law; this ultimate bug is coming.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ; ื”ื‘ืื’ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข.
16:37
But we're coming to appreciate, is the transition from 2D to 3D,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ ืœืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
16:42
from programming bits to programming atoms,
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ืžืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
16:45
turns the ends of Moore's law scaling from the ultimate bug
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ืžืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืื’ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™
16:47
to the ultimate feature.
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ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
16:49
So, we're just at the edge of this digital revolution in fabrication,
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
16:53
where the output of computation programs the physical world.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
16:56
So, together, these two projects answer questions
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ืื–, ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช
16:59
I hadn't asked carefully. The class at MIT shows the killer app
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ืฉืœื ืฉืืœืชื™ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”. ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘MIT ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
17:03
for personal fabrication in the developed world
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
17:05
is technology for a market of one: personal expression in technology
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื—ื“: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
17:09
that touches a passion unlike anything I've seen in technology
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
17:12
for a very long time.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
17:14
And the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation
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ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืคืขืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ
17:18
and the fabrication divide: people locally developing solutions
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ: ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื™ื
17:21
to local problems. Thank you.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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