The powerful stories that shaped Africa | Gus Casely-Hayford

71,720 views ・ 2017-11-10

TED


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Translator: Nelson Simfukwe Reviewer: Leah Ligate
00:13
Now, Hegel -- he very famously said
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Sasa, Hegel -- alikuwa na usemi maarufu
00:16
that Africa was a place without history,
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kuwa Afrika ilikuwa ni sehemu bila historia,
00:18
without past, without narrative.
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bila nyakati za kale, bila hadithi.
00:20
Yet, I'd argue that no other continent has nurtured, has fought for,
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Bado, nitasema kwamba hakuna bara ambalo limekuza, limepigania,
00:26
has celebrated its history more concertedly.
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limesherehekea historia yake kwa vifijo.
00:30
The struggle to keep African narrative alive
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Harakati za kuhakikisha simulizi za Afrika zinabaki hai
00:33
has been one of the most consistent
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zimekuwa ni mojawapo ya harakati endelevu
00:35
and hard-fought endeavors of African peoples,
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na zilizopiganiwa kwa juhudi za watu wa Afrika,
00:38
and it continues to be so.
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na inaendelea kuwa hivyo.
00:40
The struggles endured and the sacrifices made to hold onto narrative
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Harakati zilizofanyika na kujitoa mhanga kutunza hadithi hizi
00:45
in the face of enslavement, colonialism, racism, wars and so much else
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kwa mtazamo wa ukoloni wa kitumwa , ubaguzi wa rangi, vita na vingine vingi
00:51
has been the underpinning narrative
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vimekuwa uthibitisho wa hadithi hizi
00:53
of our history.
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katika historia yetu.
00:55
And our narrative has not just survived the assaults
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Na simulizi zetu bado hazijaweza kushinda mateso
00:58
that history has thrown at it.
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ambayo historia imesababisha.
01:00
We've left a body of material culture,
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Tumeacha mwili wa nyenzo ya utamaduni,
01:04
artistic magistery and intellectual output.
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mamlaka ya sanaa, na matokeo ya weledi.
01:08
We've mapped and we've charted and we've captured our histories
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Tumeweka ramani na chati na tumeweza kuinasa historia yetu
01:12
in ways that are the measure of anywhere else on earth.
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katika namna ambazo ni kipimo cha popote pengine duniani.
01:17
Long before the meaningful arrival of Europeans --
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Zamani sana kabla ya kuwasili kwa watu wa Ulaya --
01:21
indeed, whilst Europe was still mired in its Dark Age --
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hakika, wakati Ulaya ilikuwa bado katika dimbwi wakati wa Zama za Giza --
01:25
Africans were pioneering techniques in recording, in nurturing history,
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Waafrika walikuwa wakivumbua njia za kurekodi, na kukuza historia,
01:31
forging revolutionary methods for keeping their story alive.
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kuunda njia za mapinduzi kwa ajili ya kutunza hidithi zao iendelee kuwa hai.
01:36
And living history, dynamic heritage --
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Na historia inayoishi, urithi unaokua --
01:39
it remains important to us.
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inabaki kuwa muhimu kwetu.
01:42
We see that manifest in so many ways.
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Tunaona hili likijidhihirisha katika njia nyingi.
01:46
I'm reminded of how, just last year -- you might remember it --
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Inanikumbusha jinsi, mwaka jana tu -- mnaweza kukumbuka --
01:51
the first members
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wanachama wa kwanza
01:52
of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine
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wa kundi linalohusiana na al Qaeda l a Ansar Dine
01:55
were indicted for war crimes and sent to the Hague.
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walishtakiwa kwa makosa ya kivita na kupelekwa the Hague
01:58
And one of the most notorious was Ahmad al-Faqi,
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Na mmojwapo mwenye sifa mbaya alikuwa Ahmad al-Faqi,
02:02
who was a young Malian,
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aliyekuwa ni kijana raia wa Mali
02:04
and he was charged, not with genocide,
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na alishtakiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari
02:06
not with ethnic cleansing,
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na sio utakaso wa kikabila,
02:08
but with being one of the instigators of a campaign
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lakini pamoja na kuwa mchochezi wa kampeni
02:12
to destroy some of Mali's most important cultural heritage.
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ya kuharibu moja ya urithi muhimu wa utamaduni nchini Mali.
02:16
This wasn't vandalism;
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Huu haukuwa uharibifu;
02:18
these weren't thoughtless acts.
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hayakuwa matendo yasiyo ya kufikiri.
02:21
One of the things that al-Faqi said
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Moja ya vitu ambavyo al-Faqi alisema
02:23
when he was asked to identify himself in court
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alipoulizwa kujitambulisha mahakamani
02:26
was that he was a graduate, that he was a teacher.
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alisema kwamba yeye ni mhitimu wa chuo, alikuwa ni mwalimu.
02:29
Over the course of 2012, they engaged in a systematic campaign
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Katika kipindi cha mwaka 2012, walishiriki katika kampeni ya
02:35
to destroy Mali's cultural heritage.
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kuharibu urithi wa utamaduni wa Mali.
02:39
This was a deeply considered waging of war
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Hii ilichukuliwa kama kuanzisha vita
02:43
in the most powerful way that could be envisaged:
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katika njia yenye nguvu sana ingeweza kutanabahika:
02:46
in destroying narrative, in destroying stories.
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katika kuharibu simulizi, katika kuharibu hadithi.
02:50
The attempted destruction of nine shrines,
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Walijaribu kuharibu hekalu tisa,
02:53
the central mosque
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za msikiti wa kati
02:55
and perhaps as many as 4,000 manuscripts
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na labda maandiko mengi zaidi ya 4000
02:58
was a considered act.
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ilipangwa kufanyika hivyo.
03:01
They understood the power of narrative to hold communities together,
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Walielewa nguvu ya simulizi katika kufanya jamii kuishi pamoja,
03:07
and they conversely understood that in destroying stories,
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na walielewa fika kwamba kwa kuharibu hadithi,
03:11
they hoped they would destroy a people.
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walikuwa na matumaini wataharibu na watu.
03:14
But just as Ansar Dine and their insurgency
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Lakini kama ilivyo kwa Ansar Dine na uasi wao
03:17
were driven by powerful narratives,
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waliendeshwa na simulizi zenye nguvu,
03:21
so was the local population's defense of Timbuktu and its libraries.
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kama ilivyo kwa wakazi wa Timbuktu walivyolinda maktaba zao.
03:25
These were communities who've grown up with stories of the Mali Empire;
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Hizi ni jamii ambazo zimekulia katika hadithi za dola ya Mali;
03:29
lived in the shadow of Timbuktu's great libraries.
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waliishi katika kivuli cha maktaba kuu za Timbuktu.
03:32
They'd listened to songs of its origin from their childhood,
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Wamesikiliza nyimbo asilia kuanzia utotoni,
03:36
and they weren't about to give up on that
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na hawakuwa tayari kukata tamaa katika hilo
03:39
without a fight.
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bila kupambana.
03:41
Over difficult months of 2012,
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Katika miezi migumu ya 2012,
03:44
during the Ansar Dine invasion,
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wakati wa uvamizi wa Ansar Dine,
03:48
Malians, ordinary people, risked their lives
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Watu wa Mali, wakazi wa kawaida, walihatarisha maisha yao
03:52
to secrete and smuggle documents to safety,
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kwa kuficha nyaraka katika sehemu iliyo salama,
03:56
doing what they could to protect historic buildings
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kufanya lile linalowezekana kulinda majengo ya kihistoria
03:59
and defend their ancient libraries.
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na kulinda maktaba zao za kale.
04:02
And although they weren't always successful,
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Na ingawa si muda wote walifanikiwa,
04:04
many of the most important manuscripts were thankfully saved,
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maandiko mengi muhimu yaliwezwa kutunzwa salama,
04:08
and today each one of the shrines that was damaged during that uprising
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na leo kila moja ya hekalu ambalo liliharibiwa nyakati za machafuko
04:13
have been rebuilt,
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limekarabatiwa tena,
04:15
including the 14th-century mosque that is the symbolic heart of the city.
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ukijumuisha na msikiti wa karne ya 14 ambao ndiyo alama ya kitovu cha jiji.
04:20
It's been fully restored.
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Umekarabatiwa kikamilifu.
04:22
But even in the bleakest periods of the occupation,
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Lakini hata katika nyakati za machafuko ya utekaji,
04:26
enough of the population of Timbuktu simply would not bow
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idadi kubwa ya watu wa Timbuktu hawakusalimu amri
04:32
to men like al-Faqi.
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kwa watu kama al-Faqi.
04:34
They wouldn't allow their history to be wiped away,
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Hawakuweza kuruhusu historia yao ifutike,
04:37
and anyone who has visited that part of the world,
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na yoyote ambaye amewahi kuzuru sehemu hiyo ya dunia,
04:40
they will understand why,
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ataweza kuelewa ni kwanini,
04:42
why stories, why narrative, why histories are of such importance.
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kwanini hadithi, kwanini simulizi zina umuhimu huo mkubwa.
04:47
History matters.
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Historia ina umuhimu.
04:49
History really matters.
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Historia ina muhimu sana.
04:53
And for peoples of African descent,
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Na kwa walio na nasaba ya Afrika,
04:55
who have seen their narrative systematically assaulted over centuries,
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ambao wameshuhudia simulizi zao zikinyanyaswa katika karne,
05:01
this is critically important.
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Hii ni muhimu sana.
05:04
This is part of a recurrent echo across our history
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Hii ni sehemu inayojirudia katika katika historia yetu
05:08
of ordinary people making a stand for their story, for their history.
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ya watu wa kawaida kusimama kwa ajili ya hadithi zao, historia yao.
05:14
Just as in the 19th century,
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Ilipofika karne ya 19,
05:16
enslaved peoples of African descent in the Caribbean
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Waafrika waliofanywa watumwa katika visiwa vya Caribbean
05:20
fought under threat of punishment,
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walipambana chini ya tishio la adhabu,
05:22
fought to practice their religions, to celebrate Carnival,
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walipambana kuamini katika dini zao, kusherehekea,
05:26
to keep their history alive.
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kuweka historia yao hai.
05:29
Ordinary people were prepared to make great sacrifices,
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Watu wa kawaida walijiandaa kujitoa mhanga kwa kiasi kikubwa,
05:33
some even the ultimate sacrifice,
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wengine hata kufanya sadaka za juu kabisa,
05:36
for their history.
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kwa ajili ya historia yao.
05:38
And it was through control of narrative
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Na ilikuwa kupitia udhibiti wa simulizi
05:41
that some of the most devastating colonial campaigns were crystallized.
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ambapo baadhi ya kampeni za kutisha za ukoloni zilitatuliwa.
05:45
It was through the dominance of one narrative over another
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Ilikuwa kupitia utawala wa simulizi moja dhidi ya nyingine
05:49
that the worst manifestations of colonialism became palpable.
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kwamba uovu uliotokana na ukoloni ukawa dhahiri.
05:54
When, in 1874, the British attacked the Ashanti,
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Ambapo, mwaka 1874, Waingereza waliwashambulia watu wa dola ya Ashanti,
05:58
they overran Kumasi and captured the Asantehene.
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Walitawala Kumasi na kukamata watu wa Asantehene.
06:02
They knew that controlling territory and subjugating the head of state --
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Walijua kwamba kudhibiti mipaka na kumsumbua kiongozi wao --
06:07
it wasn't enough.
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haikuwa inatosha.
06:08
They recognized that the emotional authority of state
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Walitambua kwamba hisia za mamlaka ya taifa
06:12
lay in its narrative
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zipo katika simulizi zake
06:15
and the symbols that represented it,
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na alama ambazo inawakilisha,
06:17
like the Golden Stool.
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kama Kigoda cha Dhahabu.
06:19
They understood that control of story was absolutely critical
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Walielewa kwamba udhibiti wa hadithi ulikuwa muhimu sana
06:25
to truly controlling a people.
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katika kuwadhibiti watu.
06:27
And the Ashanti understood, too,
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Na watu wa Ashanti walielewa, pia,
06:29
and they never were to relinquish the precious Golden Stool,
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na hawakuwa tayari hata kidogo kuachia Kigoda cha Dhahabu cha thamani,
06:34
never to completely capitulate to the British.
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kusalimu amri kwa Waingereza.
06:39
Narrative matters.
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Hadithi ni muhimu.
06:41
In 1871, Karl Mauch, a German geologist working in Southern Africa,
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Mwaka 1871, Karl Mauch, mwanajeolojia aliyefanya kazi zake Afrika Kusini,
06:47
he stumbled across an extraordinary complex,
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alikutana na jengo lisilo la kawaida
06:51
a complex of abandoned stone buildings.
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jengo la mawe lililokuwa limetelekezwa.
06:54
And he never quite recovered from what he saw:
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Na hakuweza kuunda upya ambacho aliona:
06:57
a granite, drystone city,
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mwamba, jiji la jiwekavu,
07:00
stranded on an outcrop above an empty savannah:
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likiwa limekwama na kuchomoza juu ya uwanda usio na kitu:
07:04
Great Zimbabwe.
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Zimbabwe Kuu.
07:07
And Mauch had no idea who was responsible
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Na Mauch hakutambua nani aliyehusika
07:10
for what was obviously an astonishing feat of architecture,
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na usanifu wa jengo ulio dhahiri kuwa maridadi,
07:15
but he felt sure of one single thing:
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lakini alikuwa na uhakika wa jambo moja:
07:19
this narrative needed to be claimed.
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hizi hadithi zilitakiwa kuelezwa.
07:23
He later wrote that the wrought architecture of Great Zimbabwe
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Baadaye aliandika kuhusu usanifu wa mabaki ya Zimbabwe Kuu
07:26
was simply too sophisticated,
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liliokuwa na ustadi wa hali ya juu,
07:29
too special to have been built by Africans.
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mahususi mno kuweza kujengwa na Waafrika.
07:33
Mauch, like dozens of Europeans that followed in his footsteps,
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Mauch, kama ilivyo kwa Wazungu wengi ambao walifata nyayo zake,
07:37
speculated on who might have built the city.
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walikisia ni nani ambaye alikuwa amejenga jiji lile.
07:40
And one went as far as to posit,
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Na mmoja alienda mbali hadi kufikia kudai,
07:43
"I do not think that I am far wrong if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
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"Sidhani kama nitakuwa nakosea sana kama nikiwaza kwamba mabaki ya kilima kile
07:49
is a copy of King Solomon's Temple."
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yameiga hekalu ya Mfalme Suleimani."
07:52
And as I'm sure you know, Mauch,
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Na nina uhakika mnafahamu, Mauch,
07:53
he hadn't stumbled upon King Solomon's Temple,
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hajawahi kwea hekalu ya Mfalme Suleimani,
07:56
but upon a purely African complex of buildings
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lakini ameona jengo mahususi na maridadi la Kiafrika
08:00
constructed by a purely African civilization
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liliojengwa na uungwana wa Kiafrika
08:04
from the 11th century onward.
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kuanzia karne ya 11 na kuendelea.
08:06
But like Leo Frobenius, a fellow German anthropologist
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Lakini kama ilivyo kwa Leo Frobenius, mwanaanthrolojia kutoka Ujerumani
08:10
who speculated some years later,
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ambaye aliyekisia miaka kadhaa baadaye,
08:12
upon seeing the Nigerian Ife Heads for the very first time,
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baada ya kuona Vichwa vya kabila la Ife Nigeria kwa mara ya kwanza,
08:16
that they must have been artifacts from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
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alisema vinyago hivi lazima vitakuwa vya falme za kale za Atlantis.
08:22
He felt, just like Hegel,
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Alihisi, kama vile ilivyokuwa kwa Hegel,
08:24
an almost instinctive need to rob Africa of its history.
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mazoea ya kuhitaji wa kupotosha historia ya Afrika.
08:31
These ideas are so irrational,
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Haya mawazo ni ya upuuzi,
08:33
so deeply held,
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yaliyoshikiliwa,
08:35
that even when faced with the physical archaeology,
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kana kwamba yanapokutana na akiolojia,
08:38
they couldn't think rationally.
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hayawezi kuwa na maana.
08:40
They could no longer see.
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Hawakuweza kuona.
08:42
And like so much of Africa's relationship with Enlightenment Europe,
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Na kama ilivyo kwa mahusiano ya Kiafrika katika Ulaya iliyopevuka,
08:46
it involved appropriation, denigration and control of the continent.
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ilijumuisha ugawaji, bughudha na udhibitu wa bara.
08:52
It involved an attempt to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
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Ilijumuisha jaribio la kupindisha simulizi kukidhi makusudi ya Ulaya.
08:57
And if Mauch had really wanted to find an answer to his question,
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Na kama Mauch alivyotaka kutafuta jibu la swali lake,
09:02
"Where did Great Zimbabwe or that great stone building come from?"
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"Wapi ambapo Zimbabwe Kuu au lile jengo kubwa la jiwe lilitokea?"
09:06
he would have needed to begin his quest
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hakuwa na budi kuanza kutafuta jibu lake
09:09
a thousand miles away from Great Zimbabwe,
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maili elfu moja kutokea Zimbabwe Kuu,
09:11
at the eastern edge of the continent, where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
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mwishoni mashariki ya bara, ambapo Afrika inakutana na Bahari ya Hindi.
09:15
He would have needed to trace the gold and the goods
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Alitakiwa kufatilia dhahabu na bidhaa
09:18
from some of the great trading emporia of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
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kutoka baadhi ya dola maarufu za biashara za pwani ya Waswahili hadi Zimbabwe kuu,
09:23
to gain a sense of the scale and influence
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kupata uhalisia wa kiwango na ushawishi
09:27
of that mysterious culture,
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wa huo utamaduni wa kistaajabisha,
09:29
to get a picture of Great Zimbabwe as a political, cultural entity
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kupata picha ya Zimbwabwe Kuu kama utambulisho wa kisiasa na kitamaduni
09:34
through the kingdoms and the civilizations
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kupitia falme na ustaarabu
09:37
that were drawn under its control.
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ambao ulitokana na mamlaka yake.
09:40
For centuries, traders have been drawn to that bit of the coast
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Kwa karne, wafanyabiashara wamekuwa wakivutiwa kuja pwani
09:46
from as far away as India and China and the Middle East.
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kutokea mbali sehemu kama India na China na Mashariki ya Kati.
09:51
And it might be tempting to interpret,
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Na inatamanisha kutafsiri ya kwamba,
09:53
because it's exquisitely beautiful, that building,
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kwa sababu ya umaridadi wake, lile jengo,
09:57
it might be tempting to interpret it
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inatamanisha kulitafsiri
10:00
as just an exquisite, symbolic jewel,
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kama kito maridadi, kinachoashiri,
10:03
a vast ceremonial sculpture in stone.
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kinyago kikubwa cha sherehe katika jiwe.
10:07
But the site must have been a complex
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Lakini eneo hilo lilikuwa tata
10:10
at the center of a significant nexus of economies
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katikati ya kiungo muhimu cha uchumi
10:14
that defined this region for a millennium.
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ambapo imeelezea eneo hili kwa milenia
10:18
This matters.
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Hii inajalisha.
10:20
These narratives matter.
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Hizi simulizi ni muhimu.
10:22
Even today, the fight to tell our story is not just against time.
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Hata leo, mapigano ya kueleza hadithi zetu hayapingani na muda.
10:27
It's not just against organizations like Ansar Dine.
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Hayapingani na taasisi kama Ansar Dine.
10:31
It's also in establishing a truly African voice
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Ni katika kuanzisha sauti ya kweli ya Waafrika
10:35
after centuries of imposed histories.
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baada ya karne ya historia za kuwekwa.
10:38
We don't just have to recolonize our history,
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Hatuna haja ya kuitawala kikoloni historia yetu,
10:42
but we have to find ways to build back the intellectual underpinning
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bali kutafuta njia za kujenga upya ugunduzi wa utaalamu
10:47
that Hegel denied was there at all.
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ambao Hegel alikataa uwepo wake.
10:49
We have to rediscover African philosophy,
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Tunatakiwa kuitambua upya filosophia ya Kiafrika,
10:52
African perspectives, African history.
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Mtazamo wa Kiafrika, historia ya Kiafrika.
10:57
The flowering of Great Zimbabwe -- it wasn't a freak moment.
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Kuchanua kwa Zimbabwe Kuu -- haukuwa muujiza.
11:01
It was part of a burgeoning change across the whole of the continent.
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Ilikuwa ni ya sehemu ya mabadiliko yanayokua barani kote.
11:05
Perhaps the great exemplification of that was Sundiata Keita,
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Pengine kielelezo kikubwa cha hili ilikwa ni Sundiata Keita,
11:09
the founder of the Mali Empire,
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muanzilishi wa dola ya Mali,
11:11
probably the greatest empire that West Africa has ever seen.
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pengine ni dola yenye nguvu kuliko zote ambayo Afrika Magharibi imeshuhudia.
11:15
Sundiata Keita was born about 1235,
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Sundiata Keita alizaliwa mwaka 1235 ,
11:18
growing up in a time of profound flux.
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alikulia katika nyakati kuu.
11:22
He was seeing the transition between the Berber dynasties to the north,
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Alishuhudia mpito kati ya utawala wa kiukoo wa Berber hadi kaskazini,
11:26
he may have heard about the rise of the Ife to the south
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atakuwa aliwahi sikia kuhusu kukua kwa dola ya Ife upande wa kusini
11:30
and perhaps even the dominance of the Solomaic Dynasty
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na pengine hata utawala wa dola ya kikukoo ya Solomaic
11:35
in Ethiopia to the east.
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huko Ethiopia upande wa mashariki.
11:37
And he must have been aware that he was living through a moment
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Na lazima alikuwa akitambua kwamba alikuwa akiishi katika nyakati
11:41
of quickening change,
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za mabadiliko yanayokwenda haraka,
11:42
of growing confidence in our continent.
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za kukua kwa ujasiri katika bara letu.
11:46
He must have been aware of new states
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Lazima alitambua kuhusu mataifa mapya
11:49
that were building their influence
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ambao walikuwa wakijenga ushawishi wao
11:52
from as far afield as Great Zimbabwe and the Swahili sultanates,
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kutokea mbali kama Zimbabwe Kuu na Masultani wa Kiswahili,
11:57
each engaged directly or indirectly beyond the continent itself,
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kila mmoja alichangia barani moja kwa moja au pasipo moja kwa moja,
12:03
each driven also to invest in securing their intellectual and cultural legacy.
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kila mmoja aliwekeza katika kulinda maarifa yao na urithi wa utamaduni.
12:09
He probably would have engaged in trade with these peer nations
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Pengine alikuwa akifanya biashara na haya mataifa ya wenzake
12:13
as part of a massive continental nexus
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katika muda wa muunganiko wa bara
12:16
of great medieval African economies.
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nyakati za uchumi mkubwa wa Afrika.
12:19
And like all of those great empires,
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Na kama ilivyo kwa hizi dola zote kubwa,
12:23
Sundiata Keita invested in securing his legacy through history
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Sundiata Keita aliwekeza katika kulinda urithi wake kupitia historia
12:28
by using story --
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katika kutumia hadithi --
12:31
not just formalizing the idea of storytelling,
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si katika kuweka rasmi wazo ya kuhadithia,
12:37
but in building a whole convention
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lakini katika kujenga kanuni nzima
12:40
of telling and retelling his story
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kuhadithia na kuhadithia tena hadithi zake
12:43
as a key to founding a narrative
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kama ufunguo wa kutambua hadithi
12:45
for his empire.
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za dola yake.
12:47
And these stories, in musical form,
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Na hizi hadithi, katika mfumo wa muziki,
12:50
are still sung today.
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mpaka leo zinaimbwa.
12:55
Now, several decades after the death of Sundiata,
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Sasa, miongo kadhaa baada ya kifo cha Sundiata,
12:58
a new king ascended the throne,
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mfalme mpya alichukua dola,
13:01
Mansa Musa, its most famous emperor.
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Mansa Musa, mfalme maarufu wa dola hiyo.
13:05
Now, Mansa Musa is famed for his vast gold reserves
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Sasa, Mansa Musa ni maarufu kwa dhahabu nyingi aliyojilimbikizia
13:08
and for sending envoys to the courts of Europe and the Middle East.
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na kwa kutuma wajumbe kwenye mahakama za Ulaya na Mashariki ya Kati.
13:13
He was every bit as ambitious as his predecessors,
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Alikuwa ni mtu mwenye malengo na imara kama waliomtangulia,
13:17
but saw a different kind of route of securing his place in history.
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lakini aliona njia tofauti ya kulinda nafasi yake katika historia.
13:21
In 1324, Mansa Musa went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
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Mwaka 1324, Mansa Musa alikwenda kwenye hija mjini Mecca,
13:25
and he traveled with a retinue of thousands.
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na alisafiri na maelfu ya wafuasi.
13:28
It's been said that 100 camels each carried 100 pounds of gold.
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Inasemekana kwamba ngamia 100 kila mmoja alibeba ratili 100 za dhababu.
13:35
It's been recorded that he built a fully functioning mosque
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Imeandikwa kwamba alijenga msikiti ulio kamili
13:39
every Friday of his trip,
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kila ijumaa katika safari yake,
13:41
and performed so many acts of kindness,
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na kufanya matendo mengi ya kikarimu,
13:44
that the great Berber chronicler, Ibn Battuta, wrote,
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kwamba bohari mkuu wa dola ya Berber, Ibn Battuta, aliandika,
13:48
"He flooded Cairo with kindness,
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"Aliifurika Cairo kwa ukarimu,
13:51
spending so much in the markets of North Africa and the Middle East
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alitumia sana katika masoko ya Afrika ya Kaskazini na Mashariki ya Kati
13:54
that it affected the price of gold into the next decade."
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kiasi kwamba iliathiri bei ya dhahabu katika muongo uliofatia."
14:00
And on his return,
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Na wakati anarudi,
14:01
Mansa Musa memorialized his journey
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Mansa Musa aliacha historia ya safari yake
14:05
by building a mosque at the heart of his empire.
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kwa kujenga msikiti kwenye kitivo cha dola yake.
14:11
And the legacy of what he left behind,
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Na urithi wa alioacha nyuma,
14:14
Timbuktu,
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Timbuktu,
14:16
it represents one of the great bodies of written historical material
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inawakilisha moja ya mihimili muhimu ya historia iliyoandikwa
14:21
produced by African scholars:
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iliyoandaliwa na wanazuoni wa Kiafrika:
14:23
about 700,000 medieval documents,
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zapata nyaraka 700,000 za kale,
14:26
ranging from scholarly works to letters,
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kuanzia kazi za wanazuoni hadi barua,
14:30
which have been preserved often by private households.
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ambazo zimetunzwa mara nyingi na nyumba za watu binafsi.
14:33
And at its peak, in the 15th and 16th centuries,
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Na katika kilele chake, mnamo karne ya 15 na ya 16,
14:36
the university there was as influential
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chuo kule kilikuwa na ushawishi
14:40
as any educational establishment in Europe,
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kama taasisi nyingine yoyote barani Ulaya,
14:43
attracting about 25,000 students.
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kuvutia yapata wanafunzi 25,000.
14:46
This was in a city of around 100,000 people.
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Hii ilitokea katika jiji la watu wapatao 100,000.
14:50
It cemented Timbuktu as a world center of learning.
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Iliweka msingi wa kuifanya Timbuktu kuwa kituo cha dunia cha mafunzo.
14:55
But this was a very particular kind of learning
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Lakini huu ulikuwa mfumo mahususi wa kujifunza
14:59
that was focused and driven by Islam.
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ambao ulilenga na kuendeshwa kwa Kiislam.
15:03
And since I first visited Timbuktu,
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Na tangu mara ya kwanza nitembelee Timbuktu,
15:05
I've visited many other libraries across Africa,
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Nimetembelea maktaba nyingi barani Afrika,
15:08
and despite Hegel's view that Africa has no history,
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na licha ya mtazamo wa Hegel kusema Afrika haina historia,
15:14
not only is it a continent with an embarrassment of history,
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sio tu kwamba ni bara lenye historia ya kuaibisha,
15:18
it has developed unrivaled systems for collecting and promoting it.
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limeweza kutengeneza mifumo ya kipekee ya kukusanya na kuistawisha.
15:23
There are thousands of small archives,
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Kuna maelfu ya hifadhi ndogo za nyaraka,
15:26
textile drum stores,
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ghala za malighafi za vitambaa,
15:28
that have become more than repositories of manuscripts and material culture.
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ambazo zimekuwa zikitunza nyaraka na malighafi za utamaduni.
15:33
They have become fonts of communal narrative,
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Zimekuwa herufi za simulizi za jamii,
15:36
symbols of continuity,
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alama ya muendelezo,
15:38
and I'm pretty sure that many of those European philosophers
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na nina uhakika kwamba wengi wa wanafilosofia wa Ulaya
15:41
who questioned an African intellectual tradition
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ambao walihoji utamaduni wa Kiafrika
15:45
must have, beneath their prejudices,
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lazima, chini ya ubaguzi wao,
15:48
been aware of the contribution of Africa's intellectuals
264
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5191
watakuwa wanatambua mchango wa maarifa ya Kiafrika
15:53
to Western learning.
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1333
kwa kujifunza Kimagharibi.
15:54
They must have known
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Lazima walitambua
15:56
of the great North African medieval philosophers
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kuhusu wanafilosophia wa kale wa Afrika ya Kaskazini
15:59
who had driven the Mediterranean.
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ambao waliongoza Mediterranian.
16:01
They must have known about and been aware of
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Watakuwa wanatambua na kujua kuhusu
16:04
that tradition that is part of Christianity, of the three wise men.
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utamaduni ambao ni sehemu ya Ukristo, kuhusu mabwana watatu wenye hekima.
16:09
And in the medieval period, Balthazar, that third wise man,
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na katika zama za kati, Balthazar, bwana wa tatu,
16:14
was represented as an African king.
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aliwakilishwa kama mfalme wa Kiafrika.
16:16
And he became hugely popular
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Na alikuja kuwa maarufu sana
16:19
as the third intellectual leg of Old World learning,
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kama mguu wa tatu wa kisomi wa mafunzo ya Dunia ya Zamani,
16:23
alongside Europe and Asia, as a peer.
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pamoja na Ulaya na Asia, kama wenzake.
16:27
These things were well-known.
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Haya yalikuwa yakifahamika fika.
16:31
These communities did not grow up in isolation.
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Hizi jamii hazikukulia katika kutengwa.
16:35
Timbuktu's wealth and power developed because the city became
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Utajiri na nguvu ya Timbuktu ulikua kwa sababu jiji lilikuja kuwa
16:39
a hub of lucrative intercontinental trade routes.
279
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kitovu cha misafara ya biashara iliyo na faida kati ya mabara.
16:43
This was one center
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2166
Hiki kilikuwa kituo kimoja
16:45
in a borderless, transcontinental,
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katika bara lisilo na mipaka, kwa safari za mabara,
16:48
ambitious, outwardly focused, confident continent.
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lililo na malengo, lenye mtazamo dhahiri na kujiamini.
16:52
Berber merchants, they carried salt and textiles
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3922
Wafanyabiashara wa dola ya Berber , walibeba chumvi na vitambaa
16:56
and new precious goods and learning down into West Africa
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3800
na bidhaa mpya zenye thamani na kuelekea Afrika ya Magharibi
17:00
from across the desert.
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2556
kupitia katika jangwa.
17:03
But as you can see from this map
286
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3471
Lakini kama unavyoona katika ramani hii
17:06
that was produced a little time after the life of Mansa Musa,
287
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4245
ambayo ilitengenezwa muda mfupi baada ya maisha ya Mansa Musa,
17:10
there was also a nexus of sub-Saharan trade routes,
288
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4602
kulikuwa pia na muunganiko wa njia za biashara kusini mwa jangwa la Sahara,
17:15
along which African ideas and traditions
289
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3260
ambapo mawazo ya Waafrika na tamaduni
17:18
added to the intellectual worth of Timbuktu
290
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3623
ziliongezea katika maarifa ya thamani ya Timbuktu
17:22
and indeed across the desert to Europe.
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2980
na hakika katika jangwa kuelekea Ulaya.
17:26
Manuscripts and material culture,
292
1046420
3730
Nyaraka na malighafi za utamaduni,
17:30
they have become fonts of communal narrative,
293
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4927
zimekuja kuwa maandishi ya simulizi za jamii,
17:35
symbols of continuity.
294
1055125
2043
alama ya muendelezo.
17:37
And I'm pretty sure that those European intellectuals
295
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4711
Na nina uhakika kuwa wale wasomi wa Ulaya
17:41
who cast aspersions on our history,
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3734
ambao wanasengenya historia yetu,
17:45
they knew fundamentally about our traditions.
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3915
walijua kiundani kuhusu utamaduni wetu.
17:50
And today, as strident forces like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
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4710
Na leo, majeshi kama Ansar Dine na Boko Haram
17:54
grow popular in West Africa,
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1913
yanapata nguvu Afrika ya Magharibi,
17:56
it's that spirit of truly indigenous, dynamic, intellectual defiance
300
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5610
ni uzalendo wa kutoka moyoni, ulio na msukumo, upinzani wa kisomi
18:02
that holds ancient traditions in good stead.
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2954
ambao unashikilia utamaduni wa kale katika hali njema.
18:05
When Mansa Musa made Timbuktu his capital,
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Wakati Mansa Musa alipoifanya Timbuktu kuwa mji wake mkuu,
18:08
he looked upon the city as a Medici looked upon Florence:
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3978
aliangalia jiji hili kama familia ya Medici ilivyo kwa jiji la Florence:
18:12
as the center of an open, intellectual, entrepreneurial empire
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5059
kama kitovu kilicho wazi, cha kisomi, kwa dola ya kijasiriamali
18:17
that thrived on great ideas wherever they came from.
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3317
ambayo ilifanikiwa kwa mawazo makuu popote pale yalipotokea.
18:21
The city, the culture,
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2249
Jiji,utamaduni,
18:23
the very intellectual DNA of this region
307
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3118
vinasaba vya maarifa ya eneo hili
18:26
remains so beautifully complex and diverse,
308
1106502
3693
vinabaki kuwa maridadi mno na vilivyo vya kila aina,
18:30
that it will always remain, in part,
309
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2669
kwamba siku zote itabaki, katika nafasi,
18:32
located in storytelling traditions that derive from indigenous,
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4312
iliyopo katika utamaduni wa kusimulia hadithi uliotoka kwa wenyeji,
18:37
pre-Islamic traditions.
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1765
tamaduni za kabla ya Uislamu.
18:39
The highly successful form of Islam that developed in Mali became popular
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5607
Mfumo wa Uislamu uliopata mafanikio sana uliochipuka Mali ulipata maarufu
18:44
because it accepted those freedoms
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2049
kwa sababu ulikubali uhuru
18:46
and that inherent cultural diversity.
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2482
na unadhifu wa mchanganyiko wa tamaduni.
18:49
And the celebration of that complexity,
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2427
Na seherehe za aina ya mfumo huo,
18:51
that love of rigorously contested discourse,
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4025
ule upendo halisi wa maongezi ya ushidani,
18:55
that appreciation of narrative,
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1844
heshima ya simulizi,
18:57
was and remains, in spite of everything,
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3274
ulikuwa na unabaki kuwa, japokuwa na yote,
19:00
the very heart of West Africa.
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3410
kuwa ndiyo moyo wa Afrika Magharibi.
19:04
And today, as the shrines and the mosque vandalized by Ansar Dine
320
1144347
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Na leo, mahekalu na misikiti iliyohujumiwa na Ansar Dine
19:08
have been rebuilt,
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1157
imejengwa upya,
19:10
many of the instigators of their destruction have been jailed.
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3827
wengi walioshiriki katika uharibifu huu wamefungwa gerezani.
19:13
And we are left with powerful lessons,
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2902
Na tumebaki na somo kubwa la kujifunza,
19:16
reminded once again of how our history and narrative
324
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4356
linalokumbusha tena jinsi gani historia yetu na simulizi
19:21
have held communities together for millennia,
325
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3907
imeunganisha jamii pamoja kwa milenia,
19:25
how they remain vital in making sense of modern Africa.
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3726
jinsi gani inabaki kuwa muhimu katika kuleta maana ya Afrika ya kisasa.
19:29
And we're also reminded
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1510
Na tunakumbushwa
19:31
of how the roots of this confident, intellectual, entrepreneurial,
328
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5024
ni jinsi gani mizizi ya ujasiri huu, wa kisomi, wa kijasiriamali
19:36
outward-facing, culturally porous, tariff-free Africa
329
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4784
inayotazama nje, iliyo na tamaduni pole, Afrika isiyotoza chochote
19:41
was once the envy of the world.
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2466
hapo zamani ilionewa wivu na dunia.
19:44
But those roots, they remain.
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Lakini mizizi hiyo, bado ipo.
19:46
Thank you very much.
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1186775
1213
Asante sana.
19:48
(Applause)
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1188012
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(Makofi)
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