Why we have an emotional connection to robots | Kate Darling

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Krystian Aparta

Prevodilac: Dragana Savanovic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

There was a day, about 10 years ago,

Jednog dana, pre oko 10 godina,

when I asked a friend to hold a baby dinosaur robot upside down.

zamolila sam prijatelja da drži robota bebu dinosaurusa naopačke.

It was this toy called a Pleo that I had ordered,

Bila je to igračka po imenu Plio koju sam naručila,

and I was really excited about it because I've always loved robots.

i zbog nje sam bila jako uzbuđena jer sam oduvek volela robote.

And this one has really cool technical features.

A ovaj ima stvarno kul tehnička svojstva.

It had motors and touch sensors

Imao je motor, senzore dodira

and it had an infrared camera.

i infracrvenu kameru.

And one of the things it had was a tilt sensor,

Još jedna od stvari koju je imao bio je senzor naginjanja,

so it knew what direction it was facing.

pa je znao u kom smeru je okrenut.

And when you held it upside down,

Ako biste ga držali naopačke,

it would start to cry.

počeo bi da plače.

And I thought this was super cool, so I was showing it off to my friend,

Mislila sam da je ovo jako zabavno, pa sam ga pokazala prijatelju,

and I said, "Oh, hold it up by the tail. See what it does."

i rekla sam: „Drži ga za rep. Videćeš šta radi.“

So we're watching the theatrics of this robot

I tako smo gledali performans ovog robota

struggle and cry out.

koji se borio i plakao.

And after a few seconds,

Nakon nekoliko sekundi,

it starts to bother me a little,

počelo je malo da mi smeta,

and I said, "OK, that's enough now.

pa sam rekla: „Okej, sad je dosta.

Let's put him back down."

Hajde da ga spustimo dole.“

And then I pet the robot to make it stop crying.

Zatim sam mazila robota da bi prestao da plače.

And that was kind of a weird experience for me.

I to mi je bilo prilično čudno iskustvo.

For one thing, I wasn't the most maternal person at the time.

Prvo, tada baš i nisam imala majčinski instinkt.

Although since then I've become a mother, nine months ago,

Iako sam od tada postala majka, pre devet meseci,

and I've learned that babies also squirm when you hold them upside down.

i shvatila da se i bebe vrpolje kada ih držite naopačke.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But my response to this robot was also interesting

Moja reakcija na ovog robota je bila zanimljiva

because I knew exactly how this machine worked,

i zato što sam tačno znala kako ova mašina radi,

and yet I still felt compelled to be kind to it.

a ipak sam se osećala primorano da budem dobra prema njoj.

And that observation sparked a curiosity

To opažanje je izazvalo radoznalost

that I've spent the past decade pursuing.

koju sam sledila proteklih deset godina.

Why did I comfort this robot?

Zašto sam tešila ovog robota?

And one of the things I discovered was that my treatment of this machine

Jedna od stvari koju sam otkrila je da je moje ponašanje prema ovoj mašini

was more than just an awkward moment in my living room,

bilo više od neprijatnog trenutka u mojoj dnevnoj sobi,

that in a world where we're increasingly integrating robots into our lives,

da u svetu u kome robote sve više uključujemo u svoje živote

an instinct like that might actually have consequences,

takav instinkt u stvari može imati posledice,

because the first thing that I discovered is that it's not just me.

jer sam prvo otkrila da nisam samo ja u pitanju.

In 2007, the Washington Post reported that the United States military

List „Vašington post“ je 2007. godine izvestio da je vojska SAD-a

was testing this robot that defused land mines.

testirala nekog robota koji je uklanjao mine.

And the way it worked was it was shaped like a stick insect

Radio je tako što je imao oblik izduženog insekta

and it would walk around a minefield on its legs,

koji bi šetao po minskom polju na svojim nogama,

and every time it stepped on a mine, one of the legs would blow up,

a svaki put kad bi stao na minu, jedna noga bi mu eksplodirala,

and it would continue on the other legs to blow up more mines.

i nastavio bi na ostalim nogama da razminira još mina.

And the colonel who was in charge of this testing exercise

Pukovnik koji je bio zadužen za ovu vežbu

ends up calling it off,

ju je na kraju otkazao,

because, he says, it's too inhumane

jer, kako kaže, previše je nehumano

to watch this damaged robot drag itself along the minefield.

gledati oštećenog robota kako se vuče minskim poljem.

Now, what would cause a hardened military officer

E sad, šta bi nateralo očeličenog vojnika

and someone like myself

i nekog kao što sam ja

to have this response to robots?

na ovakvu reakciju na robote?

Well, of course, we're primed by science fiction and pop culture

Pa, naravno, naveli su nas naučna fantastika i masovna kultura

to really want to personify these things,

da zaista želimo da personifikujemo ove stvari,

but it goes a little bit deeper than that.

ali istina ide malo dublje od toga.

It turns out that we're biologically hardwired to project intent and life

Ispostavlja se da nam je biološki urođeno da projektujemo smisao i život

onto any movement in our physical space that seems autonomous to us.

na bilo šta što se kreće u fizičkom svetu što nam se čini samostalno.

So people will treat all sorts of robots like they're alive.

Tako da će ljudi tretirati sve vrste robota kao da su živi.

These bomb-disposal units get names.

Ovi koji uklanjaju bombe dobijaju imena.

They get medals of honor.

Dobijaju medalje časti.

They've had funerals for them with gun salutes.

Organizovane su im sahrane uz počasnu paljbu.

And research shows that we do this even with very simple household robots,

Istraživanje pokazuje da radimo isto to čak i sa prostim kućnim robotima,

like the Roomba vacuum cleaner.

kao što je usisivač Rumba.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's just a disc that roams around your floor to clean it,

To je samo disk koji tumara vašim podom i čisti ga,

but just the fact it's moving around on its own

ali sama činjenica da se sam kreće okolo

will cause people to name the Roomba

navešće ljude da mu daju ime

and feel bad for the Roomba when it gets stuck under the couch.

i da ga sažaljevaju kad se zaglavi ispod kauča.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And we can design robots specifically to evoke this response,

Možemo posebno dizajnirati robote da izazovu ovu reakciju,

using eyes and faces or movements

koristeći oči, lice ili pokrete

that people automatically, subconsciously associate

koje ljudi automatski, podsvesno povezuju

with states of mind.

sa stanjem svesti.

And there's an entire body of research called human-robot interaction

Postoji čitava oblast istraživanja zvana interakcija čoveka i robota

that really shows how well this works.

koja pokazuje kako ovo funkcioniše.

So for example, researchers at Stanford University found out

Na primer, istraživači sa Stenforda su otkrili

that it makes people really uncomfortable

da je ljudima jako neprijatno

when you ask them to touch a robot's private parts.

ako im tražite da dotaknu intimne delove robota.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So from this, but from many other studies,

Iz ovog, ali i mnogih drugih istraživanja,

we know, we know that people respond to the cues given to them

znamo da ljudi reaguju na date signale

by these lifelike machines,

ovih čovekolikih mašina,

even if they know that they're not real.

iako znaju da nisu prave.

Now, we're headed towards a world where robots are everywhere.

Uskoro ćemo živeti u svetu u kome su roboti svuda.

Robotic technology is moving out from behind factory walls.

Robotska tehnologija se širi van fabričkih zidova.

It's entering workplaces, households.

Ulazi u poslovni svet, domaćinstva.

And as these machines that can sense and make autonomous decisions and learn

Pošto ove mašine koje mogu da osećaju, samostalno donose odluke i uče

enter into these shared spaces,

stupaju u zajednički prostor,

I think that maybe the best analogy we have for this

mislim da je najbolja analogija za ovo

is our relationship with animals.

naša veza sa životinjama.

Thousands of years ago, we started to domesticate animals,

Pre više hiljada godina, počeli smo da pripitomljavamo životinje,

and we trained them for work and weaponry and companionship.

da ih dresiramo za rad, oružje i drugarstvo.

And throughout history, we've treated some animals like tools or like products,

Kroz istoriju, neke životinje smo tretirali kao alate ili proizvode,

and other animals, we've treated with kindness

a druge sa ljubaznošću

and we've given a place in society as our companions.

i pružili im mesto u društvu kao našim drugarima.

I think it's plausible we might start to integrate robots in similar ways.

Moguće je da ćemo verovatno početi da integrišemo robote na sličan način.

And sure, animals are alive.

Naravno, životinje su žive.

Robots are not.

Roboti nisu.

And I can tell you, from working with roboticists,

Mogu vam reći, pošto sam radila sa robotičarima,

that we're pretty far away from developing robots that can feel anything.

da smo prilično daleko od stvaranja robota koji mogu bilo šta da osete.

But we feel for them,

Ali mi saosećamo sa njima,

and that matters,

i to je važno,

because if we're trying to integrate robots into these shared spaces,

jer ako pokušavamo da integrišemo robote u ove zajedničke prostore,

we need to understand that people will treat them differently than other devices,

moramo razumeti da će ih ljudi tretirati drugačije od ostalih uređaja,

and that in some cases,

a to u nekim slučajevima,

for example, the case of a soldier who becomes emotionally attached

na primer, u slučaju vojnika koji se emocionalno veže

to the robot that they work with,

za robota sa kojim radi,

that can be anything from inefficient to dangerous.

samo može da bude neefikasno i opasno.

But in other cases, it can actually be useful

U drugim slučajevima, može čak biti i korisno

to foster this emotional connection to robots.

negovanje ove emotivne veze sa robotima.

We're already seeing some great use cases,

Već imamo sjajne načine korišćenja robota,

for example, robots working with autistic children

na primer, roboti koji rade sa autističnom decom

to engage them in ways that we haven't seen previously,

kako bi ih aktivirali na nove načine,

or robots working with teachers to engage kids in learning with new results.

ili oni koji pomažu nastavnicima

da uključe decu u proces učenja sa novim rezultatima.

And it's not just for kids.

I to nije samo za decu.

Early studies show that robots can help doctors and patients

Rane studije pokazuju da roboti mogu pomoći doktorima i pacijentima

in health care settings.

u zdravstvenoj zaštiti.

This is the PARO baby seal robot.

Ovo je robotska beba foke PARO.

It's used in nursing homes and with dementia patients.

Koristi se u staračkim domovima i sa dementnim pacijentima.

It's been around for a while.

Koristi se već neko vreme.

And I remember, years ago, being at a party

Sećam se da sam, pre dosta godina, bila na nekoj žurci

and telling someone about this robot,

i pričala nekome o ovom robotu,

and her response was,

a njen odgovor je bio:

"Oh my gosh.

„Zaboga.

That's horrible.

To je strašno,

I can't believe we're giving people robots instead of human care."

Ne mogu da verujem da ljudima umesto ljudske nege dajemo robote.“

And this is a really common response,

Ovo je veoma česta reakcija,

and I think it's absolutely correct,

i mislim da je potpuno ispravna,

because that would be terrible.

jer bi to bilo strašno.

But in this case, it's not what this robot replaces.

Ali u ovom slučaju, nije do toga šta robot zamenjuje.

What this robot replaces is animal therapy

Robot zamenjuje terapiju životinja

in contexts where we can't use real animals

u kontekstima u kojima ne možemo koristiti prave životinje

but we can use robots,

ali možemo robote,

because people will consistently treat them more like an animal than a device.

jer će ih ljudi dosledno tretirati više kao životinju nego kao uređaj.

Acknowledging this emotional connection to robots

Prepozavanje ove emotivne veze sa robotima

can also help us anticipate challenges

može nam pomoći i da predvidimo izazove

as these devices move into more intimate areas of people's lives.

kako ovi uređaji ulaze u intimnije sfere ljudskih života.

For example, is it OK if your child's teddy bear robot

Na primer, je li u redu ako robot meda vašeg deteta

records private conversations?

snima privatne razgovore?

Is it OK if your sex robot has compelling in-app purchases?

Je li u redu ako vaš robot za seks ima

primamljive ponude za kupovinu u sastavu aplikacije?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Because robots plus capitalism

Jer roboti plus kapitalizam

equals questions around consumer protection and privacy.

daju pitanja vezana za zaštitu potrošača i privatnost.

And those aren't the only reasons

I to nisu jedini razlozi

that our behavior around these machines could matter.

zbog kojih je naše ponašanje sa ovim mašinama važno.

A few years after that first initial experience I had

Par godina nakon svog prvog iskustva

with this baby dinosaur robot,

sa robotom bebe dinosaurusa,

I did a workshop with my friend Hannes Gassert.

imala sam radionicu sa prijateljem Hanesom Gasertom.

And we took five of these baby dinosaur robots

Uzeli smo pet ovih robotskih beba dinosaurusa

and we gave them to five teams of people.

i podelili ih ljudima u pet timova.

And we had them name them

Tražili smo da im daju imena,

and play with them and interact with them for about an hour.

da se igraju i druže s njima oko sat vremena.

And then we unveiled a hammer and a hatchet

Onda smo im dali čekić i sekiru

and we told them to torture and kill the robots.

i rekli im da muče i ubiju robote.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And this turned out to be a little more dramatic

Ovo se ispostavilo malo dramatičnijim

nego što smo očekivali,

than we expected it to be,

because none of the participants would even so much as strike

jer niko od učesnika nije hteo čak ni da udari

these baby dinosaur robots,

robote beba dinosaurusa,

so we had to improvise a little, and at some point, we said,

pa smo morali malo da improvizujemo, i u jednom momentu smo rekli:

"OK, you can save your team's robot if you destroy another team's robot."

„Okej, možete spasiti robota svog tima ako uništite robota drugog tima.“

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And even that didn't work. They couldn't do it.

Čak ni to nije uspelo. Nisu mogli.

Na kraju smo rekli:

So finally, we said,

"We're going to destroy all of the robots

„Mi ćemo uništiti sve robote

unless someone takes a hatchet to one of them."

ukoliko neko ne podigne sekiru na jednog.“

And this guy stood up, and he took the hatchet,

Jedan tip je ustao i podigao sekiru,

and the whole room winced as he brought the hatchet down

i cela prostorija je drhtala dok je spuštao sekiru

on the robot's neck,

na robotov vrat,

and there was this half-joking, half-serious moment of silence in the room

i onda se javio polusmešan, poluozbiljan momenat tišine u prostoriji

for this fallen robot.

za palog robota.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So that was a really interesting experience.

To je bilo baš zanimljivo iskustvo.

Now, it wasn't a controlled study, obviously,

To očigledno nije bila kontrolisana studija,

but it did lead to some later research that I did at MIT

ali je kasnije dovela do mog istraživanja

with Palash Nandy and Cynthia Breazeal,

na MIT-u sa Palašem Nandijem i Sintijom Brezil,

where we had people come into the lab and smash these HEXBUGs

kada su ljudi dolazili u laboratoriju i uništavali robote HEXBUG

that move around in a really lifelike way, like insects.

koje se kreću kao da su živi, kao insekti.

So instead of choosing something cute that people are drawn to,

Umesto da izaberemo nešto slatko što privlači ljude,

we chose something more basic,

izabrali smo nešto prostije,

and what we found was that high-empathy people

i saznali smo da ljudi sa razvijenom empatijom

would hesitate more to hit the HEXBUGS.

više oklevaju da udare robote HEXBUG.

Now this is just a little study,

To je samo mala studija,

but it's part of a larger body of research

ali je deo većeg istraživanja

that is starting to indicate that there may be a connection

koje počinje da pokazuje da može postojati veza

between people's tendencies for empathy

između sklonosti ljudi ka empatiji

and their behavior around robots.

i njihovog ponašanja prema robotima.

But my question for the coming era of human-robot interaction

Ali moje pitanje za buduću eru interakcije između čoveka i robota

is not: "Do we empathize with robots?"

nije: „Da li saosećamo sa robotima?“

It's: "Can robots change people's empathy?"

Nego: „Da li roboti mogu promeniti ljudsku empatiju?“

Is there reason to, for example,

Da li postoji razlog da, na primer,

prevent your child from kicking a robotic dog,

branimo detetu da šutne psa robota,

not just out of respect for property,

ne samo iz poštovanja prema vlasništvu,

but because the child might be more likely to kick a real dog?

već zato što je veća šansa da će šutnuti pravog psa?

And again, it's not just kids.

I opet, nisu u pitanju samo deca.

This is the violent video games question, but it's on a completely new level

Ovo je pitanje nasilnih video igrica, ali na potpuno novom nivou

because of this visceral physicality that we respond more intensely to

zbog te primarne fizikalnosti na koju intenzivnije reagujemo

than to images on a screen.

nego na slike na ekranu.

When we behave violently towards robots,

Kada se ponašamo nasilno prema robotima,

specifically robots that are designed to mimic life,

posebno onima dizajniranim da imitiraju živa bića,

is that a healthy outlet for violent behavior

da li je to zdrav izduvni ventil za nasilno ponašanje

or is that training our cruelty muscles?

ili tako treniramo mišiće za okrutnost?

We don't know ...

Ne znamo...

But the answer to this question has the potential to impact human behavior,

Odgovor na ovo pitanje može uticati na ljudsko ponašanje,

it has the potential to impact social norms,

kao i na društvene norme,

it has the potential to inspire rules around what we can and can't do

može uticati na pravila o tome šta možemo a šta ne

with certain robots,

sa određenim robotima,

similar to our animal cruelty laws.

kao u zakonima o zlostavljanju životinja.

Because even if robots can't feel,

Jer iako roboti ne mogu da osećaju,

our behavior towards them might matter for us.

naše ponašanje prema njima može biti važno za nas.

And regardless of whether we end up changing our rules,

Bez obzira na to da li ćemo na kraju promeniti pravila,

robots might be able to help us come to a new understanding of ourselves.

roboti mogu da nam pomognu da bolje razumemo sami sebe.

Most of what I've learned over the past 10 years

Većina onoga što sam naučila u poslednjih 10 godina

has not been about technology at all.

uopšte nema veze sa tehnologijom.

It's been about human psychology

Nego o ljudskoj psihologiji, o empatiji

and empathy and how we relate to others.

i o tome kako se odnosimo prema drugima.

Because when a child is kind to a Roomba,

Jer kada je dete ljubazno prema Rumbi,

when a soldier tries to save a robot on the battlefield,

kada vojnik pokuša da spase robota na bojnom polju,

or when a group of people refuses to harm a robotic baby dinosaur,

ili kada grupa ljudi odbije da povredi robotsku bebu dinosaurusa,

those robots aren't just motors and gears and algorithms.

ti roboti nisu samo motori, zupčanici i algoritmi.

They're reflections of our own humanity.

Oni su odraz naše ljudskosti.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)